Open Access

Tinka Haydn, Eric Metzger, Roland Schüle, Simone Fulda

• The lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is overexpressed in several cancers including rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). However, little is yet known about whether or not LSD1 may serve as therapeutic target in RMS. We therefore investigated the potential of LSD1 inhibitors alone or in combination with other epigenetic modifiers such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Here, we identify a synergistic interaction of LSD1 inhibitors (i.e., GSK690, Ex917) and HDAC inhibitors (i.e., JNJ-26481585, SAHA) to induce cell death in RMS cells. By comparison, LSD1 inhibitors as single agents exhibit little cytotoxicity against RMS cells. Mechanistically, GSK690 acts in concert with JNJ-26481585 to upregulate mRNA levels of the proapoptotic BH3-only proteins BMF, PUMA, BIM and NOXA. This increase in mRNA levels is accompanied by a corresponding upregulation of BMF, PUMA, BIM and NOXA protein levels. Importantly, individual knockdown of either BMF, BIM or NOXA significantly reduces GSK690/JNJ-26481585-mediated cell death. Similarly, genetic silencing of BAK significantly rescues cell death upon GSK690/JNJ-26481585 cotreatment. Also, overexpression of antiapoptotic BCL-2 or MCL-1 significantly protects RMS cells from GSK690/JNJ-26481585-induced cell death. Furthermore, GSK690 acts in concert with JNJ-26481585 to increase activation of caspase-9 and -3. Consistently, addition of the pan-caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (zVAD.fmk) significantly reduces GSK690/JNJ-26481585-mediated cell death. In conclusion, concomitant LSD1 and HDAC inhibition synergistically induces cell death in RMS cells by shifting the ratio of pro- and antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins in favor of apoptosis, thereby engaging the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. This indicates that combined treatment with LSD1 and HDAC inhibitors is a promising new therapeutic approach in RMS.