Open Access

Babette A. A. Hoogakker, Robin S. Smith, Joy Singarayer, Robert Marchant, I. Colin Prentice, Judy R. M. Allen, R. Scott Anderson, Shonil A. Bhagwat, Hermann Behling, Olga Borisova, Mark B. Bush, Alexander Correa-Metrio, Anne De Vernal, Jemma M. Finch, Bianca Fréchette, Socorro Lozano-García, William D. Gosling, Wojciech Granoszewski, Eric C. Grimm, Eberhard Grüger, Jennifer Hanselman, Sandy P. Harrison, Trevor R. Hill, Brian Huntley, Gonzalo Jimenez-Moreno, Arnold Peter Kershaw, Marie-Pierre Ledru, Donatella Magri, Merna McKenzie, Ulrich Müller, Takeshi Nakagawa, Elena Novenko, Daniel Penny, Laura Sadori, Louis Scott, Janelle Stevenson, Paul J. Valdes, Marcus Vandergoes, Andrey Velichko, Cathy Whitlock, Chronis Tzedakis

• A new global synthesis and biomization of long (> 40 kyr) pollen-data records is presented, and used with simulations from the HadCM3 and FAMOUS climate models to analyse the dynamics of the global terrestrial biosphere and carbon storage over the last glacial–interglacial cycle. Global modelled (BIOME4) biome distributions over time generally agree well with those inferred from pollen data. The two climate models show good agreement in global net primary productivity (NPP). NPP is strongly influenced by atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations through CO2 fertilization. The combined effects of modelled changes in vegetation and (via a simple model) soil carbon result in a global terrestrial carbon storage at the Last Glacial Maximum that is 210–470 Pg C less than in pre-industrial time. Without the contribution from exposed glacial continental shelves the reduction would be larger, 330–960 Pg C. Other intervals of low terrestrial carbon storage include stadial intervals at 108 and 85 kaBP, and between 60 and 65 kaBP during Marine Isotope Stage 4. Terrestrial carbon storage, determined by the balance of global NPP and decomposition, influences the stable carbon isotope composition (δ 13C) of seawater because terrestrial organic carbon is depleted in 13C. Using a simple carbon-isotope mass balance equation we find agreement in trends between modelled ocean δ 13C based on modelled land carbon storage, and palaeo-archives of ocean δ 13C, confirming that terrestrial carbon storage variations may be important drivers of ocean δ 13 C changes.