Publikationsserver der Universitätsbibliothek Marburg

Titel:Cortico-Cardiac Processing of Affective-Motivational Cues - Mechanisms and Individual Differences
Autor:Panitz, Christian
Weitere Beteiligte: Müller, Erik M. (Prof. Dr.)
Veröffentlicht:2017
URI:https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2017/0785
URN: urn:nbn:de:hebis:04-z2017-07859
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17192/z2017.0785
DDC: Psychologie
Titel (trans.):Kortiko-Kardiale Verarbeitung Affektiv-Motivationaler Hinweisreize - Mechanismen und Interindividuelle Unterschiede
Publikationsdatum:2017-12-20
Lizenz:https://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/

Dokument

Schlagwörter:
Furchtkonditionierung, heart, Furcht, Motivation, Affekt, Gehirn, EEG, Gefühl, EKG, Herz, Konditionierung, fear extincti, brain-heart coupling, Feedbackverarbeitung, Gehirn-Herz-Kopplung, brain, Furchtex, Cardio-Electroencephalographic Covariance Tracing, Elekt, Gehirn, EKG, Elektroencephalogramm, Angst, Extinktion, fear conditioning, Herz, Cardio-Electroencephalographic Covariance Tracing, feedback processing, Elektroencephalographie, EEG

Zusammenfassung:
Several neurobiological models of emotion and personality assume basic neuropsychological systems in humans that are sensitive to affective, motivationally significant stimuli. Importantly, individuals are able to learn cue-stimulus associations that predict these motivational-affective stimuli. The response to associated cues may not only include changes in subjective affective states (such as a feeling of joy or fear), but also physiological parameters like cardiac activity. Appropriate psychophysiological responding – such as defensive behavior in response to a threat cue or approach behavior in response to a reward cue – is evolutionary adaptive as it promotes survival of the individual and passing on of genes. It is argued that understanding mechanisms of motivational-affective cue processing is important to understand more complex phenomena of affective states and motivation, including affective personality traits and related psychopathologies. In the present thesis, we measured electroencephalography (EEG) indicators of central neural cue processing and cardiac indicators of subsequent behavioral adaptation. In addition, we computed intraindividual covariations of EEG and cardiac measures with the cardio-electroencephalographic covariance tracing method, to examine functional cortico-cardiac coupling. With this approach, we aimed to elucidate mechanisms of motivational-affective cue processing, including physiological-anatomical bases, temporal dynamics and long-term adaptation. In a gambling task in Study I, monetary win and loss feedback evoked intraindividual coupling of cortical and cardiac activity (indicated by the so-called N300H component), replicating previous results. Coupling was absent on trials where no money was at stake and feedback was not motivationally significant. In addition, analyses of brain structure involvement suggested the anterior cingulate cortex as a generator of coupling-related EEG and the insula as a moderator of cortico-cardiac coupling. In Study II, using the same gambling task as in Study I along with pharmacological manipulations, we showed that the neurotransmitters dopamine (which plays an important role in central feedback processing) and noradrenaline (which plays an important role in sympathetic cortico-cardiac transmission) are not associated with modulations of cortico-cardiac coupling in response to monetary win or loss feedback. Moreover, Study II replicated previous findings that the N300H is related to with trait anxiety. Finally, after a series of previous N300H replications, we conducted reliability and control analyses, which demonstrated statistically that the N300H is a robust marker of cortico-cardiac coupling. In Study III, participants underwent a two-day differential fear conditioning and extinction paradigm that allowed assessment of short-term conditioning and extinction on Day 1 of the paradigm, as well as recall indices of both non-extinguished and extinguished fear on Day 2. First, we showed that cortico-cardiac coupling is evoked in response to threat stimuli, generalizing findings from the previous gambling paradigm. Second, we found that cortico-cardiac coupling was evoked by cues that have acquired motivational significance via conditioning, whereas cortico-coupling had been evoked by instructed feedback cues in the previous two studies. Notably, coupling disappeared after fear extinction but was still present in non-extinguished fear stimuli one day after initial learning, indicating long-term stability of conditioned cortico-cardiac coupling. Regarding univariate measures, we showed for the first time that the late positive potential – a component in the EEG that is sensitive to motivational stimulus significance – is modulated not only in inherently threatening stimuli but also in conditioned threat stimuli. In addition, we showed long-term stability of cardiac slowing to conditioned threat stimuli (‘fear bradycardia’), which was still present during Day 2 testing. In Study IV, using the same paradigm as in Study III, we investigated the role of genes and personality in short-term and long-term fear conditioning and extinction. We found that the dopaminergic Val158Met polymorphism on the catechol-o-methyltransferase gene predicted long-term conditioned and extinguished fear responses in both the late positive potential and fear bradycardia. Moreover, we found that trait fearfulness is a superior predictor of the magnitude of fear bradycardia during conditioning than are widely used measures of neuroticism/anxiety. Meanwhile, we suggested high levels of neuroticism/anxiety as a predictor of unstable, maladaptive long-term retention of extinguished fear bradycardia. Taken together, the present thesis was able to elucidate mechanisms of motivational-affective cue processing, cardiac adaptation and both short-term and long-term learning. Findings were discussed in terms of their generalizability and implications for psychophysiological models of affect, motivation, personality, and psychopathology.

Bibliographie / References

  1. Felten, A., Montag, C., Markett, S., Walter, N. T., & Reuter, M. (2011). Genetically determined dopamine availability predicts disposition for depression. Brain and Behavior, 1, 109-118. doi: 10.1002/brb3.20
  2. Updated meta-analysis of classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 32, 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22353
  3. Biaggioni, I., Robertson, R. M., & Robertson, D. (1994). Manipulation of Norepinephrine Metabolism with Yohimbine in the Treatment of Autonomic Failure. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 34, 418-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1994.tb04981.x
  4. Hugues, S., Garcia, R., & Léna, I. (2007). Time Course of Extracellular Catecholamine and Glutamate Levels in the Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex During and After Extinction of Conditioned Fear. Synapse, 61, 933-937. doi: 10.1002/syn.20448
  5. Guimarães, F. S., Hellewell, J., Hensman, R., Wang, M., & Deakin, J. F. W. (1991). Characterization of a psychophysiological model of classical fear conditioning in healthy volunteers: influence of gender, instruction, personality and placebo. Psychopharmacology, 104, 231-236. doi: 10.1007/BF02244184
  6. Walker, D. L., & Davis, M. (2002). Quantifying fear potentiated startle using absolute versus proportional increase scoring methods: Implications for the neurocircuitry of fear and anxiety. Psychopharmacology, 164, 318-328. doi: 10.1007/s00213-002-1213-0
  7. Grillon, C., Pine, D. S., Baas, J. M. P., Lawley, M., Ellis, V., & Charney, D. S. (2006). Cortisol and DHEA-S are associated with startle potentiation during aversive conditioning in humans. Psychopharmacology, 186, 434-441. doi: 10.1007/s00213-005-0124-2
  8. Menon, V., & Uddin, L. Q. (2010). Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function. Brain Structure and Function, 214, 655-667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-010-0262
  9. Gasquoine, P. G. (2014). Contributions of the insula to cognition and emotion. Neuropsychology Review, 24, 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-014-9246-9
  10. Kampman, O., Viikki, M., & Leinonen, E. (2017). Anxiety Disorders and Temperament-an Update Review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19, 27. doi: 10.1007/s11920-017-0779-5
  11. Behbehani, M. M. (1995). Functional characteristics of the midbrain peria- queductal gray. Progress in Neurobiology, 46, 575-605. doi: 10.1016/ 0301-0082(95)00009-K
  12. Applegate, C. D., Frysinger, R. C., & Kapp, B. S. (1982). Multiple unit activity recorded from amygdala central nucleus during Pavlovian heart rate conditioning in rabbit. Brain Research, 238, 457-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(82)90123-8
  13. Mereu, G., Casu, M., & Gessa, G. L. (1983). (-)-Sulpiride activates the firing rate and tyrosine hydroxylase activity of dopaminergic neurons in unanesthetized rats. Brain Research, 264, 105- 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(83)91125-3
  14. Fredrikson, M., & Georgiades, A. (1992). Personality Dimensions and Classical Conditioning of Autonomic Nervous System Reactions. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 1013-1020. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(92)90134-B
  15. Hugdahl, K. (1979). Direction of changes in the cardiac component in a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm with variations in CS2 and UCS- contents. Biological Psychology, 9, 91-102. doi: 10.1016/0301- 0511(79)90056-5
  16. Jennings, J. R., van der Molen, M. W., & Tanase, C. (2009). Preparing hearts and minds: Cardiac slowing and a cortical inhibitory network. Biological Psychology, 9, 91-102. doi: 10.1016/0301-0511(79)90056-5
  17. Dimberg, U. (1987). Facial reactions, autonomic activity and experienced emotion: A three component model of emotional conditioning. Biologi- cal Psychology, 24, 105-122. doi: 10.1016/0301-0511(87)90018-4
  18. Otten, L. J., Gaillard, A. W. K., & Wientjes, C. J. E. (1995). The relation between event-related brain potential, heart rate, and blood pressure responses in an S 1 -S 2 paradigm. Biological Psychology, 39, 81-102. doi: 10.1016/0301-0511(94)00969-5
  19. Perkins, A. M., & Corr, P. J. (2006). Reactions to threat and personality: psychometric differentiation of intensity and direction dimensions of human defensive behaviour. Behavioural Brain Research, 169, 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2005.11.027
  20. Burhans, L. B., Smith-Bell, C., & Schreurs, B. G. (2010). Effects of extinction on classical conditioning and conditioning-specific reflex modification of rabbit heart rate. Behavioural Brain Research, 206, 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.09.007
  21. Nelson, B. D., Weinberg, A., Pawluk, J., Gawlowska, M., & Proudfit, G. H. (2015). An Event-Related Potential Investigation of Fear Generalization and Intolerance of Uncertainty. Behavior Therapy, 46, 661-670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.09.010
  22. Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2006). An Insular View of Anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 383-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.042
  23. Durstewitz, D., & Seamans, J. K. (2008). The Dual-State Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Dopamine Function with Relevance to Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Genotypes and Schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 739-749. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.015
  24. Mueller, D., Bravo-Rivera, C., & Quirk, G. J. (2010). Infralimbic D2 receptors are necessary for fear extinction and extinction-related tone responses. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 1055-1060. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.014
  25. Farrell, S. M., Tunbridge, E. M., Braeutigam, S., & Harrison, P. J. (2012). COMT Val158Met Genotype Determines the Direction of Cognitive Effects Produced by Catechol-O- Methyltransferase Inhibition. Biological Psychiatry, 71, 538-544. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.023
  26. Friedman, B. H. (2007). An autonomic flexibility-neurovisceral integration model of anxiety and cardiac vagal tone. Biological Psychology, 74, 185-199. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.08.009
  27. Lang, P. J., & Bradley, M. M. (2010). Emotion and the motivational brain. Biological Psychology, 84, 437-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.007
  28. Gazendam, F. J., Kamphuis, J. H., & Kindt, M. (2013). Deficient safety learning characterizes high trait anxious individuals. Biological Psychology, 92, 342-352. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.11.006
  29. Panitz, C., Wacker, J., Stemmler, G., & Mueller, E. M. (2013). Brain-heart coupling at the P300 latency is linked to anterior cingulate cortex and insula-A cardio-electroencephalographic covariance tracing study. Bio- logical Psychology, 94, 185-191. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.05.017
  30. Meadows, C. C., Gable, P. A., Lohse, K. R., & Miller, M. W. (2016). The effects of reward magnitude on reward processing: An averaged and single trial event-related potential study. Biological Psychology, 118, 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.06.002
  31. Hermans, D., Dirikx, T., Vansteenwegenin, D., Baeyens, F., Van Den Bergh, O., & Eelen, P. (2005). Reinstatement of fear responses in human aversive conditioning. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 533-551. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.013
  32. Lissek, S., Powers, A. S., McClure, E. B., Phelps, E. A., Woldehawariat, G., Grillon, C., & Pine, D. S. (2005). Classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1391-1424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.10.007
  33. Polich, J. (2007). Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118(10), 2128-2148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.019
  34. Klucken, T., Kruse, O., Schweckendiek, J., Kuepper, Y., Mueller, E. M., Hennig, J., & Stark, R. (2016). No evidence for blocking the return of fear by disrupting reconsolidation prior to extinction learning. Cortex, 79, 112-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.015
  35. Hofmann, S. G. (2008). Cognitive processes during fear acquisition and extinction in animals and humans: Implications for exposure therapy of anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 199-210. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.04.009
  36. Sylvers, P., Lilienfeld, S. O., & LaPrairie, J. L. (2011). Differences between trait fear and trait anxiety: Implications for psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 122-137. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.004
  37. Haaker, J., Lonsdorf, T. B., & Kalisch, R. (2015). Effects of post-extinction L-DOPA administration on the spontaneous recovery and reinstatement of fear in a human fMRI study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, 1544-1555. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.016
  38. Hamm, A. O., & Weike, A. I. (2005). The neuropsychology of fear learning and fear regulation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 57, 5-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.01.006
  39. Vila, J., Guerra, P., Muñoz, M. Á., Vico, C., Jesús, M. I. V., Delgado, L. C., … Rodríguez, S. (2007). Cardiac defense : From attention to action. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66, 169- 182. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.07.004
  40. L opez, R., Poy, R., Pastor, M. C., Segarra, P., & Molt o, J. (2009). Cardiac defense response as a predictor of fear learning. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 74, 229-235. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.09.006
  41. Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent compo- nent analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134, 9-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009
  42. McNaughton, N., & Corr, P. J. (2004). A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: fear/anxiety and defensive distance. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 285-305. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.005
  43. Nieuwenhuis, S., Holroyd, C. B., Mol, N., & Coles, M. G. H. (2004). Reinforcement-related brain potentials from medial frontal cortex: origins and functional significance. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 441-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.05.003
  44. Bouton, M. E., & Moody, E. W. (2004). Memory processes in classical conditioning. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 663-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.09.001
  45. Critchley, H. D., Rothstein, P., Nagai, Y., O'Doherty, J., Mathias, C. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2005). Activity in the human brain predicting differential heart rate responses to emotional facial expressions. NeuroImage, 24, 751-762. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.10.013
  46. Brain and autonomic association accompanying stochastic decision-making. NeuroImage, 49, 1024-1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.060
  47. Gruss, L. F., Langaee, T., & Keil, A. (2016). The role of the COMT val158met polymorphism in mediating aversive learning in visual cortex. NeuroImage, 125, 633-642. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.003
  48. Bromberg-Martin, E. S., Matsumoto, M., & Hikosaka, O. (2010). Dopamine in Motivational Control: Rewarding, Aversive, and Alerting. Neuron, 68, 815-834. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.022
  49. Salamone, J. D., & Correa, M. (2012). The Mysterious Motivational Functions of Mesolimbic Dopamine. Neuron, 76, 470-485. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.021
  50. Dickinson, D., & Elvevåg, B. (2009). Genes, cognition and brain through a COMT lens. Neuroscience, 164, 72-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.014
  51. Mueller, E. M., Stemmler, G., & Wacker, J. (2010). Single-trial electroen- cephalogram predicts cardiac acceleration: A time-lagged P-correlation approach for studying neurovisceral connectivity. Neuroscience, 166, 491-500. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.051
  52. Hikind, N., & Maroun, M. (2008). Microinfusion of the D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390 into the IL but not the BLA impairs consolidation of extinction of auditory fear conditioning. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 90, 217-222. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.03.003
  53. Abraham, A. D., Neve, K. A., & Lattal, K. M. (2014). Dopamine and extinction: A convergence of theory with fear and reward circuitry. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 108, 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.007
  54. Pineles, S. L., Vogt, D. S., & Orr, S. P. (2009). Personality and fear responses during conditioning: Beyond extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 48-53. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.09.003
  55. Lommen, M. J. J., Engelhard, I. M., & van den Hout, M. A. (2010). Neuroticism and avoidance of ambiguous stimuli: Better safe than sorry? Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 1001-1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.012
  56. Mueller, E. M., Panitz, C., Pizzagalli, D. A., Hermann, C., & Wacker, J. (2015). Midline theta dissociates agentic extraversion and anhedonic depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 172-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.043
  57. Etkin, A., Egner, T., & Kalisch, R. (2011). Emotional processing in ante- rior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Scien- ces, 15, 85-93. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.11.004
  58. Ramage, a, & Villalon, C. (2008). 5-Hydroxytryptamine and cardiovascular regulation. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 29, 472-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2008.06.009
  59. Walker, D. L., Toufexis, D. J., & Davis, M. (2003). Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis versus the amygdala in fear, stress, and anxiety. European Journal of Pharmacology, 463, 199- 216. doi: 10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01282-2
  60. Pizzagalli, D. A., Greischar, L. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2003). Spatio-temporal dynamics of brain mechanisms in aversive classical conditioning: high-density event-related potential and brain electrical tomography analyses. Neuropsychologia, 41, 184-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028- 3932(02)00148-3
  61. Pizzagalli, D. A., Greischar, L. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2003). Spatio-tempo- ral dynamics of brain mechanisms in aversive classical conditioning: High-density event-related potential and brain electrical tomography analyses. Neuropsychologia, 41, 184-194. doi: 10.1016/S0028- 3932(02)00148-3
  62. Caroline Blanchard, D., Hynd, A. L., Minke, K. A., Minemoto, T., & Blanchard, R. J. (2001). Human defensive behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear-and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 25, 761-770. doi: 10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00056-2
  63. Lang, P. J., Davis, M., & Öhman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 137-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165- 0327(00)00343-8
  64. Lang, P. J., Davis, M., & € Ohman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: Animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 137-159. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00343-8
  65. Keil, A., Bradley, M. M., Hauk, O., Strohrock, B., Elbert, T., & Lang, P. J. (2002). Large-scale neural correlates of affective picture processing. Psychophysiology, 93, 641-649. doi: 10.1017.S0048577202394162
  66. Neural correlates of trait anxiety in fear extinction. Psychological Medicine, 41, 789-798. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710001248
  67. Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 491- 569. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X99002046
  68. Mies, G. W., Van der Veen, F. M., Tulen, J. H. M., Hengeveld, M. W., & Van der Molen, M. W. (2011). Cardiac and Electrophysiological Responses to Valid and Invalid Feedback in a Time-Estimation Task. Journal of Psychophysiology, 25, 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000049
  69. Larsen, R. J., & Ketelaar, T. (1991). Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 132-140. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022- 3514.61.1.132
  70. Lang, P. J. (1995). The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention. American Psychologist, 50, 372-385. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.50.5.372
  71. Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 103-116. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.103
  72. Weinstock, L. M., & Whisman, M. A. (2006). Neuroticism as a Common Feature of the Depressive and Anxiety Disorders: A Test of the Revised Integrative Hierarchical Model in a National Sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 68-74. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.68
  73. Pitman, R. K., & Orr, S. P. (1986). Test of the Conditioning Model of Neurosis: Differential Aversive Conditioning of Angry and Neutral Facial Expressions in Anxiety Disorder Patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 208-213. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.95.3.208
  74. Zinbarg, R., & Revelle, W. (1989). Personality and Conditioning : A Test of Four Models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 301-314. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.301
  75. Russell, J. A., Lewicka, M., & Niit, T. (1989). A cross-cultural study of a circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 848-856. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.57.5.848
  76. Zuckerman, M., Kuhlman, D. M., Joireman, J., Teta, P., & Kraft, M. (1993). A Comparison of Three Structural Models for Personality: The Big Three, the Big Five, and the Alternative Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 757-768. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.757
  77. Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation, and Responses to Impending Reward and Punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319
  78. Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A. (1999). The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 820-838. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.820
  79. Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1999). The Affect System Has Parallel and Integrative Processing Components : Form Follows Function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 839-855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.839
  80. White, T. L., & Depue, R. A. (1999). Differential association of traits of fear and anxiety with norepinephrine-and dark-induced pupil reactivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 863-877. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.863
  81. Wacker, J., Chavanon, M.-L., & Stemmler, G. (2006). Investigating the dopaminergic basis of extraversion in humans: A multilevel approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 171-187. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.171
  82. Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.219
  83. Hajcak, G., Moser, J. S., & Simons, R. F. (2006). Attending to affect: Appraisal strategies modulate the electrocortical response to arousing pictures. Emotion, 6, 517-522. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.517
  84. Perkins, A. M., Kemp, S. E., & Corr, P. J. (2007). Fear and anxiety as separable emotions: An investigation of the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality. Emotion, 7, 252-261. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.252
  85. in Women at High and Low Risk for Depression: Group Differences and Moderation by COMT Genotype. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123, 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035450
  86. Webb, C. A., Auerbach, R. P., Bondy, E., Stanton, C. H., Foti, D., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2017). Abnormal neural responses to feedback in depressed adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126, 19- 31. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000228
  87. Graham, F. K., & Clifton, R. K. (1966). Heart-rate change as a component of the orienting response. Psychological Bulletin, 65, 305-320. doi: 10.1037/h0023258
  88. De Leon, G. (1964). Conditioning the human heart rate with noise as the unconditioned stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 518- 520. doi: 10.1037/h0046415
  89. Bellander, M., Bäckman, L., Liu, T., Schjeide, B.-M. M., Bertram, L., Schmiedek, F., … Lövdén, M. (2015). Lower Baseline Performance but Greater Plasticity of Working Memory for Carriers of the Val Allele of the COMT Val158Met Polymorphism. Neuropsychology, 29, 247-254. doi: 10.1037/neu0000088
  90. Quirk, G. J., & Mueller, D. (2008). Neural mechanisms of extinction learn- ing and retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 56-72. doi: 10.1038/ sj.npp.1301555
  91. Fullana, M. A., Harrison, B. J., Soriano-Mas, C., Vervliet, B., Cardoner, N., Àvila-Parcet, A., & Radua, J. (2016). Neural signatures of human fear conditioning: an updated and extended meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Molecular Psychiatry, 21, 500-508. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.88
  92. Giakoumaki, S. G., Roussos, P., & Bitsios, P. (2008). Improvement of Prepulse Inhibition and Executive Function by the COMT Inhibitor Tolcapone Depends on COMT Val158Met Polymorphism. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 3058-3068. doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.82
  93. Mueller, E. M., Panitz, C., Nestoriuc, Y., Stemmler, G., & Wacker, J. (2014). Panic disorder and serotonin reuptake inhibitors predict cou- pling of cortical and cardiac activity. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, 507-514. doi: 10.1038/npp.2013.224
  94. Risbrough, V., Ji, B., Hauger, R., & Zhou, X. (2014). Generation and characterization of humanized mice carrying COMT158 Met/Val alleles. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, 1823-1832. doi: 10.1038/npp.2014.29
  95. Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Weinberger, D. R. (2006). Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 818-827. doi: 10.1038/nrn1993
  96. Myers, K. M., & Davis, M. (2007). Mechanisms of fear extinction. Molecular Psychiatry, 12, 120-150. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001939
  97. Bilder, R. M., Volavka, J., Lachman, H. M., & Grace, A. A. (2004). The catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism: relations to the tonic-phasic dopamine hypothesis and neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 1943-1961. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300542
  98. Quirk, G. J., & Mueller, D. (2008). Neural mechanisms of extinction learning and retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(1), 56-72. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301555
  99. Raczka, K. A., Mechias, M.-L., Gartmann, N., Reif, A., Deckert, J., Pessiglione, M., & Kalisch, R. (2011). Empirical support for an involvement of the mesostriatal dopamine system in human fear extinction. Translational Psychiatry, 1, e12. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2011.10
  100. Lonsdorf, T. B., & Kalisch, R. (2011). A review on experimental and clinical genetic associations Running head: PERSONALITY AND COMT IN LONG-TERM FEAR EXTINCTION 35 studies on fear conditioning, extinction and cognitive-behavioral treatment. Translational Psychiatry, 1, e41. doi: 10.1038/tp.2011.36
  101. Staples-Bradley, L. K., Treanor, M., & Craske, M. G. (2016). Discrimination between safe and unsafe stimuli mediates the relationship between trait anxiety and return of fear between trait anxiety and return of fear. Cognition and Emotion. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1265485
  102. Hajcak, G., MacNamara, A., & Olvet, D. M. (2010). Event-related potentials, emotion, and emotion regulation: An integrative review. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35, 129-155. doi: 10.1080/87565640903526504
  103. Sabatinelli, D, Lang, P. J., Keil, A., & Bradley, M. M. (2007). Emotional perception: Correlation of functional MRI and event-related potentials. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 1085-1091. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhl017
  104. Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Schweckendiek, J., Klucken, T., Vaitl, D., Stark, R., & Wolf, O. T. (2012). Neuronal correlates of extinction learning are modulated by sex hormones. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7, 819-830. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsr063
  105. Wiggert, N., Wilhelm, F. H., Boger, S., Georgii, C., Klimesch, W., & Blechert, J. (2017). Social Pavlovian conditioning: short-and long-term effects and the role of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12, 329-339. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsw128
  106. Rauch, S. L., Milad, M. R., Orr, S. P., Quinn, B. T., Fischl, B., & Pitman, R. K. (2005). Orbitofrontal thickness, retention of fear extinction, and extraversion. NeuroReport, 16, 1909-1912. doi: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000186599.66243.50
  107. Pfeiffer, U. J., & Fendt, M. (2006). Prefrontal dopamine D4 receptors are involved in encoding fear extinction. Neuroreport, 17, 847-850. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000220142.29413.6f
  108. Reis, D. G., Scopinho, A. A., Guimarães, F. S., Corrêa, F. M. A., & Resstel, L. B. M. (2010). Involvement of the lateral septal area in the expression of fear conditioning to context. Learning & Memory, 17, 134-138. doi: 10.1101/lm.1534710
  109. LaLumiere, R. T., & Nawar, E. M. (2005). Modulation of memory consolidation by the basolateral amygdala or nucleus accumbens shell requires concurrent dopamine receptor activation in both brain regions. Learning & Memory, 12, 296-301. doi: 10.1101/lm.93205.1
  110. Ponnusamy, R., Nissim, H. A., & Barad, M. (2005). Systemic blockade of D2-like dopamine receptors facilitates extinction of conditioned fear in mice. Learning & Memory, 12, 399-406. doi: 10.1101/lm.96605
  111. Winkler, I., Debener, S., Müller, K.-R., & Tangermann, M. (2015). On the influence of high-pass filtering on ICA-based artifact reduction in EEG-ERP. Conference Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 4101-4105. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2015.7319296
  112. Bradley, M. M., Moulder, B., & Lang, P. J. (2005). When good things go bad: the reflex physiology of defense. Psychological Science, 16, 468-473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01558.x
  113. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1992). On Traits and Temperament: General and Specific Factors of Emotional Experience and Their Relation to the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality, 60, 441-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00980.x
  114. Löw, A., Lang, P. J., Smith, J. C., & Bradley, M. M. (2008). Both predator and prey: emotional arousal in threat and reward. Psychological Science, 19, 865-873. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 9280.2008.02170.x
  115. Lonsdorf, T. B., Weike, A. I., Nikamo, P., Schalling, M., Hamm, A. O., & Ohman, A. (2009). Genetic gating of human fear learning and extinction: possible implications for gene-environment interaction in anxiety disorder. Psychological Science, 20, 198-206. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 9280.2009.02280.x
  116. Holdstock, T. L., & Schwartzbaum, J. S. (1965). Classical conditioning of heart rate and galvanic skin response in the rat. Psychophysiology, 2, 25-39. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1965.tb02631.x
  117. Lykken, D. T., & Venables, P. H. (1971). Direct measurement of skin conductance: a proposal for standardization. Psychophysiology, 8, 656-672. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00501.x
  118. Donchin, E. (1981). Presidential address, 1980. Surprise! . Surprise? Psy- chophysiology, 18, 493-513. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb01815.x
  119. Fowles, D. C., Fisher, a E., & Tranel, D. T. (1982). The heart beats to reward: the effect of monetary incentive on heart rate. Psychophysiology, 19, 506-513. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469- 8986.1982.tb02577.x
  120. Hodes, R. L., Cook, E. W., & Lang, P. J. (1985). Individual differences in autonomic response: Conditioned association or conditioned fear? Psy- chophysiology, 22, 545-560. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01649.x
  121. Hamm, A. O., & Vaitl, D. (1996). Affective learning: Awareness and aversion. Psychophysiology, 33, 698-710. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02366.x
  122. Berntson, G. G., Bigger, J. T., Eckberg, D. L., Grossman, P., Kaufmann, P. G., Malik, M., . . . van der Molen, M. W. (1997). Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology, 34, 623- 648. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x
  123. Milad, M. R., Orr, S. P., Pitman, R. K., & Rauch, S. L. (2005). Context modulation of memory for fear extinction in humans. Psychophysiology, 42, 456-464. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469- 8986.2005.00302.x
  124. Bradley, M. M. (2009). Natural selective attention: orienting and emotion. Psychophysiology, 46, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00702.x
  125. Moser, J. S., Krompinger, J. W., Dietz, J., & Simons, R. F. (2009). Electrophysiological correlates of decreasing and increasing emotional responses to unpleasant pictures. Psychophysiology, 46, 17- 27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00721.x
  126. Nieuwenhuis, S., De Geus, E. J., & Aston-Jones, G. (2011). The anatomical and functional relationship between the P3 and autonomic components of the orienting response. Psychophysiology, 48, 162- 175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01057.x
  127. Kreussel, L., Hewig, J., Kretschmer, N., Hecht, H., Coles, M. G. H., & Miltner, W. H. R. (2012). The influence of the magnitude, probability, and valence of potential wins and losses on the amplitude of the feedback negativity. Psychophysiology, 49, 207-219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469- 8986.2011.01291.x
  128. Mueller, E. M., Stemmler, G., Hennig, J., & Wacker, J. (2013). 5-HTTLPR and anxiety modulate brain- heart covariation. Psychophysiology, 50, 441-453. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12016
  129. Mueller, E. M., Burgdorf, C., Chavanon, M.-L., Schweiger, D., Hennig, J., Wacker, J., & Stemmler, G. (2014). The COMT Val158Met polymorphism regulates the effect of a dopamine antagonist on the feedback-related negativity. Psychophysiology, 51, 805-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12226
  130. Panitz, C., Hermann, C., & Mueller, E. M. (2015). Conditioned and extinguished fear modulate functional corticocardiac coupling in humans. Psychophysiology, 52, 1351-1360. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12498
  131. Sperl, M. F. J., Panitz, C., Hermann, C., & Mueller, E. M. (2016). A pragmatic comparison of noise burst and electric shock unconditioned stimuli for fear conditioning research with many trials. Psychophysiology, 53, 1352-1365. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12677
  132. Jordan, D. (2005). Vagal control of the heart: central serotonergic (5-HT) mechanisms. Experimental Physiology, 90, 175-181. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2004.029058
  133. Makeig, S., Westerfield, M., Jung, T. P., Enghoff, S., Townsend, J., Courchesne, E., & Sejnowski, T. J. (2002). Dynamic brain sources of visual evoked responses. Science, 295, 690-694. doi: 10.1126/ science.1066168
  134. Notterman, J. M. (1952). Partial reinforcement and conditioned heart rate response in human subjects. Science, 115, 77-79. doi: 10.1126/science.115.2978.77
  135. McGaugh, J. L. (2000). Memory-A century of consolidation. Science, 287, 248-251. doi: 10.1126/science.287.5451.248
  136. Vervliet, B., Craske, M. G., & Hermans, D. (2013). Fear Extinction and Relapse: State of the Art. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 215-248. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212- 185542
  137. LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion Circuits in the Brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 155-184. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155
  138. Weinshilboum, R. M., Otterness, D. M., & Szumlanski, C. L. (1999). Methylation Pharmacogenetics: Catechol O-Methyltransferase, Thiopurine Methyltransferase, and Histamine N- Methyltransferase. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 39, 19-52. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.19
  139. Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2012). Fear extinction as a model for translational neuroscience: ten years of progress. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 129-151. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131631
  140. Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1998). Comorbidity of Anxiety and Unipolar Mood Disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 377-412. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377
  141. Lee, T.-W., Girolami, M., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1999). Independent Component Analysis Using an Extended Infomax Algorithm for Mixed Subgaussian and Supergaussian Sources. Neural Computation, 11, 417-441. https://doi.org/10.1162/089976699300016719
  142. Miltner, W., Braun, C., & Coles, M. (1997). Event-Related Brain Potentials Following Incorrect Feedback in a Time-Estimation Task: Evidence for a "Generic" Neural System for Error Detection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 788-798. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.788
  143. Wessa, M., & Flor, H. (2007). Failure of extinction of fear responses in posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from second-order condition- ing. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1684-1692. doi: 10.1176/ appi.ajp.2007.07030525
  144. Linden, D. E. J. (2005). The P300: Where in the brain is it produced at what does it tell us? Neuroscientist, 11, 563-576. doi: 10.1177/ 1073858405280524
  145. Otto, M. W., Leyro, T. M., Christian, K., Deveney, C. M., Reese, H., Pollack, M. H., & Orr, S. P. (2007). Prediction of "Fear" Acquisition in Healthy Control Participants in a De Novo Fear-Conditioning Paradigm. Behavior Modification, 31, 32-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445506295054
  146. Joos, E., Vansteenwegen, D., & Hermans, D. (2012). Worry as a Predictor of Fear Acquisition in a Nonclinical Sample. Behavior Modification, 36, 723-750. doi: 10.1177/0145445512446477
  147. Löw, A., Weymar, M., & Hamm, A. O. (2015). When threat is near, get out of here: Dynamics of defensive behavior during freezing and active avoidance. Psychological Science, 26, 1706-1716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615597332
  148. Linden, D. E. J. (2005). The P300: where in the brain is it produced and what does it tell us? The Neuroscientist, 11, 563-576. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858405280524
  149. Barlow, D. H., Ellard, K. K., Sauer-Zavala, S., Bullis, J. R., & Carl, J. R. (2014). The Origins of Neuroticism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 481-496. doi: 10.1177/1745691614544528
  150. Gazendam, F. J., Kamphuis, J. H., Eigenhuis, A., Huizenga, H. M. H., Soeter, M., Bos, M. G. N., … Kindt, M. (2015). Personality Predicts Individual Variation in Fear Learning. Clinical Psychological Science, 3, 175-188. doi: 10.1177/2167702614535914
  151. Lonsdorf, T. B., Rück, C., Bergström, J., Andersson, G., Öhman, A., Lindefors, N., & Schalling, M. (2010). The COMTval158met polymorphism is associated with symptom relief during exposure- based cognitive-behavioral treatment in panic disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 10, 99. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-10-99
  152. Martínez, K. G., Castro-Couch, M., Franco-Chaves, J. A., Ojeda-Arce, B., Segura, G., Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2012). Correlations between psychological tests and physiological responses during fear conditioning and renewal. Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders, 2, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-5380-2-16
  153. Mueller, E. M., Panitz, C., Hermann, C., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2014). Pre- frontal oscillations during recall of conditioned and extinguished fear in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 7059-7066. doi: 10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.3427-13.2014
  154. Yavich, L., Forsberg, M. M., Karayiorgou, M., Gogos, J. A., & Mannisto, P. T. (2007). Site-specific role of catechol-O-methyltransferase in dopamine overflow within prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 10196-10209. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0665- 07.2007
  155. Mueller, E. M., Makeig, S., Stemmler, G., Hennig, J., & Wacker, J. (2011). Dopamine effects on human error processing depend on catechol-O-methyltransferase VAL158MET genotype. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 15818-15825. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2103-11.2011
  156. Mueller, E. M., Panitz, C., Hermann, C., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2014). Prefrontal oscillations during recall of conditioned and extinguished fear in humans. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 7059- 7066. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3427-13.2014
  157. Garfinkel, S., & Critchley, H. (2014). Neural correlates of fear: insights from neuroimaging. Neuroscience and Neuroeconomics, 3, 111-125. https://doi.org/10.2147/NAN.S35915
  158. Montag, C., Jurkiewicz, M., & Reuter, M. (2012). The role of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene in personality and related psychopathological disorders. CNS & Neurological Disorders -Drug Targets, 11, 236-250. doi: 10.2174/187152712800672382
  159. Kass, R. E., & Raftery, A. (1995). Bayes Factors. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90, 773-795. https://doi.org/10.2307/2291091
  160. Mueller, E. M., Evers, E. A., Wacker, J., & van der Veen, F. (2012). Acute tryptophan depletion attenuates brain-heart coupling following external feedback. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 77. doi: 10.3389/ fnhum.2012.00077
  161. Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2014). Fear conditioning of SCR but not the startle reflex requires conscious discrimination of threat and safety. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 32. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00032
  162. Mueller, E. M., Evers, E. A., Wacker, J., & van der Veen, F. M. (2012). Acute tryptophan depletion attenuates brain-heart coupling following external feedback. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 77. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00077
  163. Hajcak, G., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2006). Reappraisal modulates the electro- cortical response to unpleasant pictures. Cognitive, Affective & Behav- ioral Neuroscience, 6, 291-297. doi: 10.3758/CABN.6.4.291
  164. Mueller, E. M., Burgdorf, C., Chavanon, M.-L., Schweiger, D., Wacker, J., & Stemmler, G. (2014). Dopamine modulates frontomedial failure processing of agentic introverts versus extraverts in incentive contexts. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 756-768. doi: 10.3758/s13415-013-0228-9
  165. McNaughton, N. (2011). Fear, anxiety and their disorders: Past, present and future neural theories. Psychology and Neuroscience, 4, 173-181. https://doi.org/10.3922/j.psns.2011.2.002
  166. Turetsky, B.I., Fein, G., 2002. α2-Noradrenergic effects on ERP and behavioral indices of auditory information processing. Psychophysiology 39, 147-157.
  167. Mueller, E. M., Stemmler, G., Hennig, J., & Wacker, J. (2013). 5-HTTLPR and anxiety modulate brain-heart covariation. Psychophysiology, 50, 441-453.
  168. Mueller, E.M., Stemmler, G., Hennig, J., Wacker, J., 2013. 5-HTTLPR and anxiety modulate brain- heart covariation. Psychophysiology 50, 441-453.
  169. Ramage, A. G., & Villalón, C. M. (2008). 5-Hydroxytryptamine and cardiovascular regulation. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 29, 472-481.
  170. Ramage, A. G., Villalón, C. M., 2008. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and cardiovascular regulation. Trends Pharmacological Sci 29, 472-481.
  171. Miskovic, V., & Keil, A. (2012). Acquired fears reflected in cortical sensory processing: a review of electrophysiological studies of human classical conditioning. Psychophysiology, 49, 1230-1241.
  172. Mueller, E.M., Evers, E.A., Wacker, J., van der Veen, F.M., 2012. Acute tryptophan depletion attenuates brain-heart coupling following external feedback. Front Hum Neurosci 6, 77.
  173. Mueller, E. M., Evers, E. A., Wacker, J., & van der Veen, F. (2012). Acute tryptophan depletion attenuates brain-heart coupling following external feedback. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 77.
  174. Weisz, J., Czigler, I., 2006. Age and novelty: event-related brain potentials and autonomic activity. Psychophysiology 43, 261-271.
  175. Sperl, M.F.J., Panitz, C., Skoluda, N., Nater, U.M., Hermann, C., Mueller, E.M., 2017. Alpha2- adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine modulates consolidation of conditioned fear. Psychophysiology 54, S90.
  176. Thayer, J.F., Lane, R.D., 2000. A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. J Affect Disord 61, 201-216.
  177. Friedman, B.H., 2007. An autonomic flexibility-neurovisceral integration model of anxiety and cardiac vagal tone. Biol Psychol 74, 185-199.
  178. Depue, R. A., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (2005). A neurobehavioral dimensional model of personality disturbance. In M. F. Lenzenweger & J. Clarkin (Eds.), Theories of Personality Disorders (2nd ed.). NY: Guilford Press.
  179. Depue, R. A., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (2005). A neurobehavioral dimensional model of personality disturbance. In M. F. Lenzenweger & J. Clarkin (Eds.), Theories of Personality Disorders (2nd ed.). NY: Guilford Press.
  180. Talbot, P. S., & Cooper, S. J. (2006). Anterior cingulate and subgenual prefrontal blood flow changes following tryptophan depletion in healthy males. Neuropsy- chopharmacology, 31, 1757-1767.
  181. Feinstein, J. S., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P. (2006). Anterior insula reactivity during certain decisions is associated with neuroticism. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1, 136-142.
  182. Scatton, B., Zivkovic, B., Dedek, J., 1973. Antidopaminergic properties of yohimbine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 215, 494-499.
  183. Berntson, G.G., Sarter, M., Cacioppo, J.T., 1998. Anxiety and cardiovascular reactivity: the basal forebrain cholinergic link. Behav Brain Res 94 225-248.
  184. Appendix D -Curriculum Vitae A-9
  185. Sperl, M. F. J., Panitz, C., Hermann, C., & Mueller, E.M. (2016). A pragmatic comparison of noise burst and electric shock unconditioned stimuli for fear conditioning research with many trials. Psychophysiology, 53, 1352-1365.
  186. Sperl, M. F. J., Panitz, C., Hermann, C., & Mueller, E. M. (2016). A pragmatic comparison of noise burst and electric shock unconditioned stimuli for fear conditioning research with many trials.
  187. van der Molen, M. W., Somsen, R. J., Jennings, J. R., Nieuwboer, R. T., & Orlebeke, J. F. (1987). A psychophysiological investigation of cognitive-energetic relations in human information processing: A heart rate/additive factors approach. Acta Psychologica, 66, 251-289.
  188. Reuter, M., & Hennig, J. (2005). Association of the functional catechol-O -methyltransferase VAL158MET polymorphism with the personality trait of extraversion. NeuroReport, 16, 1135- 1138.
  189. Gallinat, J., Bajbouj, M., Sander, T., Schlattmann, P., Xu, K., Ferro, E.F., Goldman, D., Winterer, G., 2003. Association of the G1947A COMT (Val(108/158)Met) gene polymorphism with prefrontal P300 during information processing. Biol Psychiatry 54, 40-48.
  190. McNaughton, N., & Corr, P. J. (2004). A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: fear/anxiety and defensive distance. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 285-305.
  191. Holmberg, G., Gershon, S., 1961. Autonomic and Psychic Effects of Yohimbine Hydrochloride. Psychopharmacologia 2, 93-106.
  192. Carver, C.S., White, T.L., 1994. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. J Pers Social Psychol 67, 319-333.
  193. Makeig, S., Jung, T. P., Bell, A. J., Ghahremani, D., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1997). Blind sepa- ration of auditory event-related brain responses into independent components. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 10979-10984.
  194. Ohira, H., Ichikawa, N., Nomura, M., Isowa, T., Kimura, K., Kanayama, N., et al. (2010). Brain and autonomic association accompanying stochastic decision-making. NeuroImage, 49, 1024-1037.
  195. Michalowski, J. M., Pané-Farré, C. A., Löw, A., & Hamm, A. O. (2015). Brain dynamics of visual attention during anticipation and encoding of threat-and safe-cues in spider-phobic individuals.
  196. Panitz, C., Wacker, J., Stemmler, G., Mueller, E.M., 2013. Brain-heart coupling at the P300 latency is linked to anterior cingulate cortex and insula-a cardio-electroencephalographic covariance tracing study. Biol Psychol 94, 185-191.
  197. Panitz, C., Wacker, J., Stemmler, G., & Mueller, E. M. (2013). Brain-heart coupling at the P300 latency is linked to anterior cingulate cortex and insula--a cardio-electroencephalographic covariance tracing study. Biological Psychology, 94, 185-191.
  198. Panitz, C., Wacker, J., Stemmler, G., & Mueller, E.M. (2013). Brain-heart coupling at the P300 latency is linked to anterior cingulate cortex and insula - a cardio-encephalographic covariance tracing study. Biological Psychology, 94, 185-191.
  199. Mueller, E. M., Panitz, C., Nestoriuc, Y., Stemmler, G., & Wacker, J. (2013). Brain-heart coupling is elevated in panic disorder. (submitted for publication).
  200. Wager, T.D., Waugh, C.E., Lindquist, M., Noll, D.C., Fredrickson, B.L., Taylor, S.F., 2009. Brain mediators of cardiovascular responses to social threat, Part I: reciprocal dorsal and ventral sub-regions of the medial prefrontal cortex and heart-rate reactivity. Neuroimage 47, 821-835.
  201. Woody, M. L., McGeary, J. E., & Gibb, B. E. (2014). Brooding Rumination and Heart Rate Variability
  202. Mies, G., Van der Veen, F., Tulen, J., Hengeveld, M., & Van der Molen, M. (2011). Cardiac and electrophysiological responses to valid and invalid feedback in a time-estimation task. Journal of Psychophysiology, 25, 131-142.
  203. Crone, E. A., van der Veen, F. M., van der Molen, M. W., Somsen, R. J., van Beek, B., & Jennings, J. R. (2003). Cardiac concomitants of feedback processing. Biological Psychology, 64, 143-156.
  204. López, R., Poy, R., Pastor, M. C., Segarra, P., & Moltó, J. (2009). Cardiac defense response as a predictor of fear learning. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 74, 229-235.
  205. Ganguly, P.K., Sherwood, G.R., 1991. Cardiac Sympathetic System: Basic Aspects. In: Ganguly, P.K. (Ed.), Catecholamines and Heart Disease, CRC Press, Inc., Florida, pp. 1-13.
  206. Berntson, G.G., Quigley, K.S., Lozano, D., 2007. Cardiovascular Psychophysiology. In Cacioppo, J., Tassinary, L.G., Berntson, G.G. (Eds.), The Handbook of Psychophysiology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 182-210.
  207. Berntson, G. G., Quigley, K. S., & Lozano, D. (2007). Cardiovascular psy- chophysiology. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cam- bridge University Press.
  208. Berntson, G. G., Quigley, K. S., & Lozano, D. (2007). Cardiovascular Psychophysiology. In J. T.
  209. Hansenne, M, Pitchot, W, Moreno, A.G., Papart, P., Timsit-Berthier, M., Ansseau, M, 1995. Catecholaminergic function and P300 amplitude in major depressive disorder (P300 and catecholamines). Electroen Clin Neuro 96, 194-196.
  210. Benarroch, E.E., 1997. Central autonomic network: functional organization and clinical correlations, Armonk, NY, Futura Publishing Co.
  211. Ramage, A. G. (2001). Central cardiovascular regulation and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. Brain Research Bulletin, 56, 425-439.
  212. Critchley, H. D., Corfield, D. R., Chandler, M. P., Mathias, C. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2000). Cere- bral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: A functional neuroimaging investigation in humans. Journal of Physiology, 523(1), 259-270.
  213. Lacey, B. C., & Lacey, J. I. (1977). Change in heart period: A function of sensorimotor event timing within the cardiac cycle. Physiological Psychology, 5, 383-393.
  214. Thayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. (2009). Claude Bernard and the heart-brain connec- tion: Further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 81-88.
  215. Thayer, J.F., Lane, R.D., 2009. Claude Bernard and the heart-brain connection: further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33, 81-88.
  216. Donchin, E., Heffley, E., Hillyard, S.A., Loveless, N., Maltzman, I., Ohman, A., Rosler, F., Ruchkin, D., Siddle, D.,1984. Cognition and event-related potentials. II. The orienting reflex and P300. Ann N Y Acad Sci 425, 39-57.
  217. Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M. I. (2000). Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 215-222.
  218. Lawrence, C. A., & Barry, R. J. (2010). Cognitive processing effects on auditory event- related potentials and the evoked cardiac response. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 78, 100-106.
  219. Keil, A., Debener, S., Gratton, G., Junghöfer, M., Kappenman, E. S., Luck, S. J., … Yee, C. M. (2014). Committee report: publication guidelines and recommendations for studies using electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography. Psychophysiology, 51, 1-21.
  220. Philips, M.A., Szabadi, E., Bradshaw, C.M., 2000. Comparison of the effects of clonidine and yohimbine on spontaneous pupillary fluctuations in healthy human volunteers. Psychopharmacology 150, 85-89.
  221. Panitz, C., Hennig, J., Klucken, T., Hermann, C., & Mueller, E.M. (2015, October). COMT val158met polymorphism modulates fear bradycardia to long-term conditioned and extinguished fear. Poster at the 55th annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Seattle, WA, USA.
  222. Panitz, C., Hermann, C., Hennig, J., Klucken, T., & Mueller, E.M. (2016, März). COMT Val158Met polymorphism modulates fear bradycardia to long- term conditioned and extinguished fear. In A. Hamm (Chair), Psychobiology. Symposium conducted at the 8th European Meeting on Human Fear Conditioning, Utrecht, Netherlands.
  223. Panitz, C., Hermann, C., Mueller, E.M., 2014. Conditioned and extinguished fear modulate functional corticocardiac coupling in humans. Psychophysiology 52, 1351-1360.
  224. Panitz, C., Hermann, C., & Mueller, E.M. (2015). Conditioned and extinguished fear modulate functional cortico-cardiac coupling in humans. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  225. Panitz, C., Hermann, C., & Mueller, E. M. (2015). Conditioned and extinguished fear modulate functional corticocardiac coupling in humans. Psychophysiology, 52, 1351-1360.
  226. Ullsperger, M., Harsay, H. A., Wessel, J. R., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2010). Conscious perception of errors and its relation to the anterior insula. Brain Structure and Function, 214, 629-643.
  227. Kuniecki, M., Coenen, A. M. L., & Kaiser, J. (2002). Correlation between long latency evoked potentials from amygdala and evoked cardiac response to fear conditioned stimulus in rats. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 62, 85-92.
  228. Spearman, C., 1910. Correlation calculated from faulty data. Brit J Psychol 3, 271-295.
  229. Moratti, S., & Keil, A. (2005). Cortical activation during Pavlovian fear conditioning depends on heart rate response patterns: an MEG study. Cognitive Brain Research, 25, 459-471.
  230. Verberne, A. J., & Owens, N. C. (1998). Cortical modulation of the cardiovascular system. Progress in Neurobiology, 54, 149-168.
  231. Nieuwenhuis, S., Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005). Decision making, the P3, and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 510-532.
  232. Nieuwenhuis, S., Aston-Jones, G., Cohen, J. D., 2005. Decision making, the P3, and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system. Psychol Bull 131, 510-532.
  233. Nieuwenhuis, S., Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005). Decision making, the P3, and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 510-532.
  234. Le Verge, R., Le Corre, P., Chevanne, F., Döe De Maindreville, M., Royer, D., Levy, J., 1992. Determination of yohimbine and its two hydroxylated metabolites in humans by high- performance liquid chromatography and mass spectral analysis. J Chromatogr 574, 283-292.
  235. LeDoux, J. E., Iwata, J., Cicchetti, P., & Reis, D. J. (1988). Different pro- jections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear. Journal of Neuroscience, 8, 2517-2529.
  236. LeDoux, J. E., Iwata, J., Cicchetti, P., & Reis, D. J. (1988). Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear. The Journal of Neuroscience, 8, 2517-2529.
  237. Hugdahl, K. (1979). Direction of changes in the cardiac component in a pavlovian conditioning paradigm with variations in CS-and UCS-contents. Biological Psychology, 9, 91-102.
  238. Mueller, E.M., Burgdorf, C., Chavanon, M.-L., Schweiger, D., Wacker, J., Stemmler, G., 2014c. Dopamine blockade eliminates differences in failure processing between agentic introverts and extraverts in an incentive context. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 14, 756-768.
  239. Wacker, J., Mueller, E.M., Pizzagalli, D.A. Hennig, J., Stemmler, G., 2013. Dopamine D2 receptor blockade reverses the association between trait BAS and frontal asymmetry in an approach motivational context. Psychol Science 24, 489-497.
  240. Mueller, E. M., Makeig, S., Stemmler, G., Hennig, J., & Wacker, J. (2011). Dopamine effects on human error processing depend on catechol-O-methyltransferase VAL158MET genotype. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 15818-15825.
  241. Mueller, E.M., Makeig, S., Stemmler, G., Hennig, J., Wacker, J., 2011. Dopamine effects on human error processing depend on catechol-o-methyltransferase VAL158MET genotype. J Neurosci 31, 15818-15825.
  242. De Bruijn, E.R.A., Hulstijn, W., Verkes, R.J., Ruigt, G.S.F., Sabbe, B.G.C., 2004. Drug-induced stimulation and suppression of action monitoring in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 177, 151-160.
  243. Makeig, S., Westerfield, M., Jung, T.P., Enghoff, S., Townsend, J., Courchesne, E., Sejnowski, T. J., 2002. Dynamic brain sources of visual evoked responses. Science 295, 690-694.
  244. Makeig, S., Westerfield, M., Jung, T. P., Enghoff, S., Townsend, J., Courchesne, E., et al. (2002). Dynamic brain sources of visual evoked responses. Science, 295, 690-694.
  245. Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134, 9-21.
  246. Bartfai, A.,Wiesel, F.-A., 1986. Effect of sulpiride on vigilance in healthy subjects. Int J Psychophysiol 4, 1-5.
  247. Takeshita, S., Ogura, C., 1994. Effect of the dopamine D2 antagonist sulpiride on event-related potentials and its relation to the law of initial value. Int J Psychophysiol 16, 99-106.
  248. Brannan, T., Martinez-Tica, J. Yahr, M.D., 1991. Effect of yohimbine on brain monoamines: an in vivo study. J Neural Transm 3, 81-87
  249. De Bruijn, E.R.A., Sabbe, B.G.C., Hulstijn, W., Ruigt, G.S., Verkes, R.J., 2006. Effects of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs on action monitoring in healthy volunteers. Brain Res 1105, 122-129.
  250. Kuroki, T., Meltzer, H.Y., Ichikawa, J., 1999. Effects of antipsychotic drugs on extracellular dopamine levels in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 288, 774-781.
  251. Kuroki, T., Meltzer, H., & Ichikawa, J. (1999). Effects of antipsychotic drugs on extracellular dopamine levels in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 288, 774-781.
  252. Sato, A., Yasuda, A., Ohira, H., Miyawaki, K., Nishikawa, M., Kumano, H., Kuboki, T., 2005. Effects of value and reward magnitude on feedback negativity and P300. Neuroreport 16, 407-411.
  253. Sato, A., Yasuda, A., Ohira, H., Miyawaki, K., Nishikawa, M., & Kumano, H. (2005). Effects of value and reward magnitude on feedback negativity and P300. NeuroReport, 16, 407-411.
  254. Lang, P.J., Gatchel, R.J., Simons, R.F., 1975. Electro-cortical and cardiac rate correlates of psychophysical judgment. Psychophysiology 12, 649-655.
  255. Lang, P. J., Gatchel, R. J., & Simons, R. F. (1975). Electro-cortical and cardiac rate correlates of psychophysical judgment. Psychophysiology, 12, 649-655.
  256. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1998). Emotion, Motivation, and Anxiety: Brain Mechanisms and Psychophysiology. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 1248-1263.
  257. Yasuda, A., Sato, A., Miyawaki, K., Kumano, H., & Kuboki, T. (2004). Error-related negativity reflects detection of negative reward prediction error. NeuroReport, 15(16), 2561-2565.
  258. Miltner, W.H.R., Braun, C.H., Coles, M.G.H., 1997. Event-related brain potentials following incorrect feedback in a time-estimation task: evidence for a "generic" neural system for error detection. J Cogn Neurosci 9, 788-798.
  259. Miltner, W. H., Braun, C. H., & Coles, M. G. (1997). Event-related brain potentials following incorrect feedback in a time-estimation task: Evidence for a "generic" neural system for error detection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 788-798.
  260. Simons, R.F., 1988. Event-related slow brain potentials: a perspective from ANS psychophysiology. Adv Psychophysiol 3, 223-267.
  261. Jung, T.P., Humphries, C., Lee, T.W., Makeig, S., McKeown, M.J., Iragui, V., Sejnowski, T.J., 1998. Extended ICA removes artifacts from electroencephalographic recordings. Adv Neural In 10, 894-900.
  262. Larsen, R. J., & Ketelaar, T. (1989). Extraversion, neuroticism and susceptibility to positive and negative mood induction procedures. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 1221-1228.
  263. Dimberg, U. (1987). Facial reactions, autonomic activity and experienced emotion: a three component model of emotional conditioning. Biological Psychology, 24, 105-122.
  264. Horn, P.T., Kohli, J.D., Goldberg, L.I., 1982. Facilitation of Ganglionic Transmission by Sulpiride: Evidence for an Inhibitory Role of Dopamine in the Canine Sympathetic Ganglion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 223, 462-468.
  265. Wessa, M., & Flor, H. (2007). Failure of Extinction of Fear Responses in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence From Second-Order Conditioning. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1684-1692.
  266. Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2012). Fear extinction as a model for translational neuroscience: ten years of progress. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 129-51.
  267. Fearfulness, neuroticism/anxiety, and COMT Val158Met in long-term fear conditioning and extinction.
  268. Feedback-evoked cortico-cardiac coupling in relation to anxiety and catecholaminergic challenges. Poster at the 57th annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Vienna, Austria.
  269. Panitz, C. (2013). Feedback-evozierte Kopplung von kortikaler und kardialer Aktivität bei Depression und Panikstörung. Diploma thesis. University of Marburg.
  270. Ter Horst, G. J., & Postema, F. (1997). Forebrain parasympathetic control of heart activity: Retrograde transneuronal viral labeling in rats. American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 273, H2926-H2930.
  271. Mueller, E. M. (2011). From the Cell to the Brain -Fear and Anxiety across the Levels of Neuroscience. Doctoral thesis. University of Marburg.
  272. Behbehani, M. M. (1995). Functional characteristics of the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Progress in Neurobiology, 46, 575-605.
  273. Matthews, S. C., Paulus, M. P., Simmons, A. N., Nelesen, R. A., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2004). Functional subdivisions within anterior cingulate cortex and their relationship to autonomic nervous system function. NeuroImage, 22, 1151-1156.
  274. Risbrough, V., Ji, B., Hauger, R., & Zhou, X. (2014). Generation and characterization of humanized mice carrying COMT158 Met/Val alleles. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, 1823-1832.
  275. Ullsperger, M., 2010. Genetic association studies of performance monitoring and learning from feedback: the role of dopamine and serotonin. Neurosci Biobehav 34, 649-659.
  276. Lonsdorf, T. B., Weike, A. I., Nikamo, P., Schalling, M., Hamm, A. O., & Ohman, A. (2009). Genetic gating of human fear learning and extinction: possible implications for gene-environment interaction in anxiety disorder. Psychological Science, 20, 198-206.
  277. Delorme, A., Miyakoshi, M., Jung, T.-P., Makeig, S., 2015. Grand average ERP-image plotting and statistics: A method for comparing variability in event-related single-trial EEG activities across subjects and conditions. J Neurosci Methods 30, 3-6.
  278. Zirnheld, P.J., Carroll, C.A., Kieffaber, P.D., O'Donnell, B.F., Shekhar, A., Hetrick, W.P., 2004. Haloperidol impairs learning and error-related negativity in humans. J Cogn Neurosci 16, 1098-1112.
  279. Prichard, B.N., Owens, C.W., Smith, C.C., Waldon, R.J., 1991. Heart and Catecholamines. Acta Cardiol, 46, 309-322.
  280. Ahern, G. L., Sollers, J. J., Lane, R. D., Labiner, D. M., Herring, A. M., Weinand, M. E., et al. (2001). Heart rate and heart rate variability changes in the intracarotid sodium amobarbital test. Epilepsia, 42, 912-921.
  281. Graham, F.K., Clifton, R.K., 1966. Heart-rate change as a component of the orienting response. Psychol Bull 65, 305-320.
  282. Sevenster, D., Hamm, A., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2015). Heart rate pattern and resting heart rate variability mediate individual differences in contextual anxiety and conditioned responses. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 98, 567-576.
  283. Berntson, G.G., Bigger, J.T. Jr., Eckberg, D.L., Grossman, P., Kaufmann, P.G., Malik, M., Nagaraja, H.N., Porges, S.W., Saul, J.P., Stone, P.H., van der Molen, M.W., 1997. Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology 34, 623-648.
  284. Berntson, G. G., Bigger, J. T., Eckberg, D. L., Grossman, P., Kaufmann, P. G., Malik, M., et al. (1997). Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology, 34, 623-648.
  285. Craig, A. D. (2009). How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human aware- ness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 59-70.
  286. Lachman, H.M., Papolos, D.F., Saito, T., Yu, Y.M., Szumlanski, C.L., Weinshilboum, R.M., 1996. Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: Description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics 6, 243-250.
  287. Caroline Blanchard, D., Hynd, A. L., Minke, K. A., Minemoto, T., & Blanchard, R. J. (2001). Human defensive behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear-and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 25, 761-770.
  288. Clements, J. R., Beitz, A. J., Fletcher, T. F., & Mullett, M. A. (1985). Immunocytochemical localization of serotonin in the rat periaqueductal gray: A quantitative light and electron microscopic study. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 236, 60-70.
  289. Richter, M., Gendolla, G.H., 2007. Incentive value, unclear task difficulty, and cardiovascular reactivity in active coping. Int J Psychophysiol 63, 294-301.
  290. Yeung, N., & Sanfey, A. G. (2004). Independent coding of reward magnitude and valence in the human brain. Progress Neurobiology, 54, 149-168.
  291. Yeung, N., Sanfey, A. G., 2004. Independent coding of reward magnitude and valence in the human brain. J Neurosci 24, 6258-6264.
  292. Makeig, S., Bell, A.J., Jung, T.P., Sejnowski, T.J., 1996. Independent component analysis of electroencephalographic data. Adv Neural In 8, 145-151.
  293. Goldberg, M.R., Hollister, A.S., Robertson, D., 1983. Influence of Yohimbine on Blood Pressure, Autonomic Reflexes, and Plasma Catecholamines in Humans. Hypertension 5, 772-778.
  294. Mueller, D., Bravo-Rivera, C., & Quirk, G. J. (2010). Infralimbic D2 receptors are necessary for fear extinction and extinction-related tone responses. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 1055-1060.
  295. Simons, R. F., Graham, F. K., Miles, M. A., & Balaban, M. T. (1998). Input and cen- tral processing expressed in ERP and heart rate changes to rare target and rare nontarget stimuli. Psychophysiology, 35, 563-575.
  296. Craske, 2016; Wiggert et al., 2017). Instead, trait fearfulness might prove more relevant as it specifically describes the disposition for intense reactions to imminent threat (Blanchard et al., 2001;
  297. Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2012). Instructed extinction differentially affects the emotional and cognitive expression of associative fear memory. Psychophysiology, 49, 1426-1435.
  298. Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Weinberger, D. R. (2006). Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 818-827.
  299. Keil, A., Bradley, M. M., Hauk, O., Rockstroh, B., Elbert, T., & Lang, P. J. (2002). Large-scale neural correlates of affective picture processing. Psychophysiology, 39, 641-649.
  300. Panitz, C., Hermann, C., Hennig, J., Klucken, T., Keil, A., & Mueller, E.M. (2016, Mai). Late Positive Potential und posteriores Alpha bei Langzeit- Furchtkonditionierung -Assoziationen mit dem COMT Val158Met Polymorphismus. Poster at the 42th annual meeting "Psychologie und Gehirn", Berlin, Germany.
  301. learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review, 109, 679-709.
  302. Bellander, M., Bäckman, L., Liu, T., Schjeide, B.-M. M., Bertram, L., Schmiedek, F., … Lövdén, M. (2015). Lower Baseline Performance but Greater Plasticity of Working Memory for Carriers of the Val Allele of the COMT Val158Met Polymorphism. Neuropsychology, 29, 247-254.
  303. Pascual-Marqui, R. D., Michel, C. M., & Lehmann, D. (1994). Low resolution elec- tromagnetic tomography: A new method for localizing electrical activity in the brain. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 18, 49-65.
  304. Pasqual-Marqui, R. D., Michel, C. M., & Lehmann, D. (1994). Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography: A New Method for Localizing Electrical Activity in the Brain. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 18, 49-65.
  305. Weinshilboum, R. M., Otterness, D., & Szumlanski, C. (1999). Methylation Pharmacogenetics: Catechol O-Methyltransferase, Thiopurine Methyltransferase, and Histamine N- Methyltransferase. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 39, 19-52.
  306. Midline theta dissociate agentic extraversion and anhedonic depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 172-177.
  307. Margraf, J., 1994. Mini-DIPS: Diagnostisches Kurz-Interview bei psychischen Störungen. Springer, Berlin.
  308. Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P. M., Ost, L. G., Breitholtz, E., Koehler, K. a, Westling, B. E., … Gelder, M. (1997). Misinterpretation of body sensations in panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
  309. Lonsdorf, T. B., & Merz, C. J. (2017). More than just noise: Inter-individual differences in fear acquisition, extinction and return of fear in humans -biological, experiential, temperamental factors, and methodological pitfalls. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 703-728.
  310. Lane, R. D., McRae, K., Reiman, E. M., Chen, K., Ahern, G. L., & Thayer, J. F. (2009). Neural correlates of heart rate variability during emotion. NeuroImage, 44, 213-222.
  311. Critchley, H.D., 2005. Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration. J Comp Neurol 493, 154-166.
  312. Critchley, H. D. (2005). Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 493, 154-166.
  313. Mier, D., Kirsch, P., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2010). Neural substrates of pleiotropic action of genetic variation in COMT: a meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 15, 918-927.
  314. Jocham, G, Ullsperger, M., 2009. Neuropharmacology of performance monitoring. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33, 48-60.
  315. Ullsperger, M., Danielmeier, C., Jocham, G., 2014. Neurophysiology of performance monitoring and adaptive behavior. Physiol Rev 94, 35-79.
  316. Riba, J., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., Morte, A., Münte, T. F., Barbanoj, M. J., 2005. Noradrenergic stimulation enhances human action monitoring. J Neurosci 25, 4370-4374.
  317. Greenhouse, S.W., Geisser, S., 1959. On methods in the analysis of profile data. Psychometrika 24, 95-112.
  318. Duncan-Johnson, C.C., Donchin, E., 1977. On quantifying surprise: the variation of event-related potentials with subjective probability. Psychophysiology 14, 456-467.
  319. De Pascalis, V., 2004. On the psychophysiology of extraversion. In R.M. Stelmack (Ed.), On the psychobiology of personality, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 297-329.
  320. Mueller, E.M., Panitz, C., Nestoriuc, Y., Stemmler, G., Wacker, J., 2014a. Panic disorder and serotonin reuptake inhibitors predict coupling of cortical and cardiac activity. Neuropsychopharmacology 39, 507-514.
  321. Panic Disorder and Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Predict Coupling of Cortical and Cardiac Activity. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, 507-514.
  322. Mueller, E. M., Panitz, C., Nestoriuc, Y., Stemmler, G., & Wacker, J. (2014). Panic disorder and serotonin reuptake inhibitors predict coupling of cortical and cardiac activity.
  323. Perkins, A. M., Cooper, A., Abdelall, M., Smillie, L. D., & Corr, P. J. (2010). Personality and Defensive Reactions: Fear, Trait Anxiety, and Threat Magnification. Journal of Personality, 78, 1071-1090.
  324. Pineles, S. L., Vogt, D. S., & Orr, S. P. (2009). Personality and fear responses during conditioning: Beyond extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 48-53.
  325. Cattell, R. B. (1957). Personality and motivation structure and measurement. Oxford: World Book Co.
  326. Thayer, J. F., Friedman, B. H., Borkovec, T. D., Johnsen, B. H., & Molina, S. (2000). Phasic heart period reactions to cued threat and nonthreat stimuli in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychophysiology, 37, 361-368.
  327. Groen, Y., Wijers, A. A., Mulder, L. J., Minderaa, R. B., & Althaus, M. (2007). Physio- logical correlates of learning by performance feedback in children: A study of EEG event-related potentials and evoked heart rate. Biological Psychology, 76, 174-187.
  328. Bublatzky, F., & Schupp, H. T. (2012). Pictures cueing threat: Brain dynamics in viewing explicitly instructed danger cues. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7, 611-622.
  329. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists.
  330. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists.
  331. Mueller, E.M., Panitz, C., Hermann, C., Pizzagalli, D.A., 2014d. Prefrontal Oscillations during Recall of Conditioned and Extinguished Fear in Humans. J Neurosci 34, 7059-7066
  332. Mueller, E.M., Panitz, C., Hermann, C., & Pizzagalli, D.A. (2014). Prefrontal Oscillations during Recall of Conditioned and Extinguished Fear in Humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 7059-7066.
  333. Mueller, E. M., Panitz, C., Hermann, C., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2014). Prefrontal oscillations during recall of conditioned and extinguished fear in humans. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 7059-7066.
  334. Panitz, C., Hermann, C., & Mueller, E.M. (2013, October). Preliminary evidence for early cortical involvement in cardiac responses to conditioned threat. Poster presented at the international meeting on Fear, Anxiety, & Anxiety Disorders, Hamburg, Germany.
  335. McNaughton, 2011; Perkins & Corr, 2006). Previous studies have highlighted conceptual (Depue & Lenzenweger, 2005; McNaughton, 2011; Perkins & Corr, 2006; Perkins, Kemp, & Corr, 2007;
  336. Gianaros, P.J., Van Der Veen, F.M., Jennings, J.R., 2004. Regional cerebral blood flow correlates with heart period and high-frequency heart period variability during working-memory tasks: implications for the cortical and subcortical regulation of cardiac autonomic activity. Psychophysiology 41, 521-530.
  337. Gianaros, P. J., Van Der Veen, F. M., & Jennings, J. R. (2004). Regional cerebral blood flow correlates with heart period and high-frequency heart period variability during working-memory tasks: Implications for the cortical and subcortical regulation of cardiac autonomic activity. Psychophysiology, 41, 521-530.
  338. Lueckel, M., Panitz, C., & Mueller, E. M. (submitted). Reliability and robustness of feedback-evoked brain-heart coupling after placebo, dopamine, and noradrenaline challenge.
  339. Lueckel, M., Panitz, C., & Mueller, E. M. (submitted). Reliability and robustness of feedback-evoked brain-heart coupling after placebo, dopamine, and noradrenaline challenge.
  340. Lueckel, M., Panitz, C., & Mueller, E. (submitted). Reliability and robustness of feedback-evoked brain- heart coupling after placebo, dopamine, and noradrenaline challenge.
  341. Walker, D. L., Toufexis, D. J., & Davis, M. (2003). Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis versus the amygdala in fear, stress, and anxiety. European Journal of Pharmacology, 463, 199-216.
  342. Koba, S., Inoue, R., & Watanabe, T. (2016). Role played by periaqueductal gray neurons in parasympathetically mediated fear bradycardia in conscious rats. Physiological Reports, 4(12), 1
  343. Ehlert, U., Erni, K., Hebisch, G., Nater, U., 2006. Salivary alpha-amylase levels after yohimbine challenge in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91, 5130-5133.
  344. Enge, S., Fleischhauer, M., Lesch, K.P., Reif, A., Strobel, A., 2011. Serotonergic modulation in executive functioning: linking genetic variations to working memory performance. Neuropsychologia 49, 3776-3785.
  345. Cools, R., Roberts, A. C., & Robbins, T. W. (2008). Serotoninergic regulation of emo- tional and behavioural control processes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 31-40.
  346. Holmes, A. J., Bogdan, R., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2010). Serotonin transporter genotype and action monitoring dysfunction: A possible substrate underlying increased vulnerability to depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 1186-1197.
  347. Serotonin Transporter Promoter Gain-of-Function Genotypes Are Linked to Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 78, 815-826.
  348. Santesso, D.L., Evins, A.E., Frank, M.J., Schetter, E.C., Bogdan, R., Pizzagalli, D.A., 2008. Single dose of a dopamine agonist impairs reinforcement learning in humans: Evidence from event- related potentials and computational modeling of striatal-cortical function. Hum Brain Mapp 3, 1963-1976.
  349. Mueller, E. M., Stemmler, G., & Wacker, J. (2010). Single-trial electroencephalogram predicts cardiac acceleration: A time-lagged P-correlation approach for studying neurovisceral connectivity. Neuroscience, 166, 491-500.
  350. Mueller, E.M., Stemmler, G., Wacker, J., 2010. Single-trial electroencephalogram predicts cardiac acceleration: a time-lagged P-correlation approach for studying neurovisceral connectivity. Neuroscience 166, 491-500.
  351. Mueller, E. M., Stemmler, G., & Wacker, J. (2010). Single-trial electroencephalogram predicts cardiac acceleration: a time-lagged P-correlation approach for studying neurovisceral connectivity.
  352. Panitz, C., Hermann, C., & Mueller, E.M. (2014, September). Single-trial P3 predicts modulation of cardiac fear response. Poster presented at the 54th annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Atlanta, GA, USA.
  353. Wiggert, N., Wilhelm, F. H., Boger, S., Georgii, C., Klimesch, W., & Blechert, J. (2017). Social Pavlovian conditioning: short-and long-term effects and the role of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12, 329-339.
  354. Cohen, J., 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Erlbaum, Hillsdale.
  355. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hills- dale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  356. Mereu, G., Casu, M., Gessa, G.L., 1983. (-)-Sulpiride activates the firing rate and tyrosine hydroxylase activity of dopaminergic neurons in unanesthetized rats. Brain Res 264, 105-110.
  357. Goldstein, D.S., Grossman, E., Listwak, S., Folio, C.J., 1991. Sympathetic reactivity during a yohimbine challenge test in essential hypertension. Hypertension 18, 40-48.
  358. Panitz, C., Wacker, J., Stemmler, G., & Mueller, E.M. (2011, July). Temporal coupling of cortical and cardiac activity: Testing the CECT-approach. Poster presented at the 37th conference Psychologie und Gehirn [Psychology and Brain], Heidelberg, Germany. Conference symposia 2016
  359. Lapish, C.C., Kroener, S., Durstewitz, D., Lavin, A., Seamans, J.K., 2007. The ability of the mesocortical dopamine system to operate in distinct temporal modes. Psychopharmacology 191, 609-625.
  360. Nieuwenhuis, S., De Geus, E. J., & Aston-Jones, G. (2011). The anatomical and func- tional relationship between the P3 and autonomic components of the orienting response. Psychophysiology, 48, 162-175.
  361. Nieuwenhuis, S., De Geus, E.J., Aston-Jones, G., 2011. The anatomical and functional relationship between the P3 and autonomic components of the orienting response. Psychophysiology 48, 162-175.
  362. Obrist, P. A. (1976). The Cardiovascular-Behavioral Interaction -As It Appears Today.
  363. Bilder, R. M., Volavka, J., Lachman, H. M., & Grace, A. A. (2004). The catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism: relations to the tonic-phasic dopamine hypothesis and neuropsychiatric
  364. Mueller, E.M., Burgdorf, C., Chavanon, M.-L., Schweiger, D., Hennig, J., Wacker, J., Stemmler, G., 2014b. The COMT Val158Met polymorphism regulates the effect of a dopamine antagonist on the feedback-related negativity. Psychophysiology 51, 805-809.
  365. Fisher, R.A., 1918. The correlation between relatives on the supposition of mendelian heritance. Trans Roy Soc Edinburgh 52, 399-433.
  366. Durstewitz, D., Seamans, J.K, 2008. The dual-state theory of prefrontal cortex dopamine function with relevance to catechol-o-methyltransferase genotypes and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 64, 739-749
  367. Halliday, R., Naylor, H., Brandeis, D., Callaway, E., Yano, L., Herzig, K., 1994. The effect of D-amphetamine, clonidine, and yohimbine on human information processing. Psychophysiology 31, 331-337.
  368. Papeschi, R., Sourkes, T.L., Youdim, M.B.H., 1971. The effect of yohimbine on brain serotonin metabolism, motor behavior and body temperature of the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 15, 318-326.
  369. Tranel, D. T. (1983). The effects of monetary incentive and frustrative nonreward on heart rate and electrodermal activity. Psychophysiology, 20, 652-657.
  370. Tranel, D.T., 1983. The effects of monetary incentive and frustrative nonreward on heart rate and electrodermal activity. Psychophysiology 20, 652-657.
  371. Fowles, D.C., Fisher, A. E., Tranel, D.T., 1982. The heart beats to reward: the effect of monetary incentive on heart rate. Psychophysiology 19, 506-513.
  372. Fowles, D. C., Fisher, A. E., & Tranel, D. T. (1982). The heart beats to reward: The effect of monetary incentive on heart rate. Psychophysiology, 19, 506-513.
  373. Meyers, W. J. (1969). The influence of stimulus intensity and repetition on the mean evoked heart rate response. Psychophysiology, 6, 310-316.
  374. Kreussel, L., Hewig, J., Kretschmer, N., Hecht, H., Coles, M. G., & Miltner, W. H. (2012). The influence of the magnitude, probability, and valence of potential wins and losses on the amplitude of the feedback negativity. Psychophysiology, 49, 207-219.
  375. Namkung, H., Kim, S. H., & Sawa, A. (2017). The Insula: An Underestimated Brain Area in Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Neurology. Trends in Neurosciences, 40, 200-207.
  376. Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Öhman, A. (1998). The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces -KDEF. CD ROM from the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology Section, Karolinska Institutet, ISBN 91-630-7164-9.
  377. Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Öhman, A. (1998). The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces -KDEF. CD ROM from the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology Section, Karolinska Institutet, ISBN 91-630-7164-9.
  378. Gehring, W.J., Willoughby, A.R., 2002. The medial frontal cortex and the rapid processing of monetary gains and losses. Science 295, 2279-2282.
  379. Brocke, B, 2004. The multilevel approach in sensation seeking: Potentials and findings of a four- level research program. In R.M. Stelmack (Ed.), On the psychobiology of personality, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 267-293.
  380. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1989). The NEO-PI/NEO-FFI manual supplement. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Ressources.
  381. Holroyd, C.B., Coles, M.G., 2002. The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychol Rev 109, 679-709.
  382. Barlow, D. H., Ellard, K. K., Sauer-Zavala, S., Bullis, J. R., & Carl, J. R. (2014). The Origins of Neuroticism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 481-496.
  383. Polich, J., 2012. Neuropsychology of P300. In Luck, S.J., Kappenman, E.S. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 159-188.
  384. Linden, D.E., 2005. The P300: where in the brain is it produced and what does it tell us? Neuroscientist 11, 563-576.
  385. Linden, D. E. (2005). The P300: Where in the brain is it produced and what does it tell us? Neuroscientist, 11, 563-576.
  386. Wacker, Chavanon, & Stemmler, 2006; Wacker, Mueller, Hennig, & Stemmler, 2012). The present study investigated if and in which manner (a) the COMT Val158Met
  387. Spearman, C., 1904. The proof and measurement of association between two things. American Journal of Psychology 15, 72-101.
  388. Ehlers, A., & Margraf, J. (1989). The psychophysiological model of panic attacks. In P. M. G. Emmelkamp, W. T. Everaerd, F. Kraaimaat, & M. van Son (Eds.), Fresh perspectives on anxiety disorders. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
  389. Otten, L. J., Gaillard, A. W., & Wientjes, C. J. (1995). The relation between event- related brain potential, heart rate, and blood pressure responses in an S1-S2 paradigm. Biological Psychology, 39, 81-102.
  390. Otten, L.J., Gaillard, A.W., Wientjes, C.J., 1995. The relation between event-related brain potential, heart rate, and blood pressure responses in an S1-S2 paradigm. Biol Psychol 39, 81-102.
  391. Thayer, J.F., Lane, R.D., 2007. The role of vagal function in the risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Biol Psychol 74, 224-242.
  392. Cattell, R.B., 1952. The three basic factor-analytic designs-their interrelations and derivatives. Psychol Bull 49, 499-520.
  393. Three month research internship at the Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA (supervisor: Andreas Keil, PhD) 2012
  394. Hajcak, G., McDonald, N., Simons, R.F., 2003. To err is autonomic: error-related brain potentials, ANS activity, and post-error compensatory behavior. Psychophysiology 40, 895-903.
  395. Hajcak, G., McDonald, N., & Simons, R. F. (2003). To err is autonomic: Error- related brain potentials, ANS activity, and post-error compensatory behavior. Psychophysiology, 40, 895-903.
  396. Two month research internship at the Research Department for Terrorism and Extremism of the German Federal Criminal Office Peer-reviewed publications
  397. Lacey, B. C., & Lacey, J. I. (1978). Two-way communication between the heart and the brain. Significance of time within the cardiac cycle. American Psychologist, 33, 99-113.
  398. Polich, J. (2007). Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clinical Neu- rophysiology, 118, 2128-2148.
  399. Polich, J., 2007. Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clin Neurophysiol 118, 2128-2148.
  400. Jordan, D. (2005). Vagal control of the heart: Central serotonergic (5-HT) mecha- nisms. Experimental Physiology, 90, 175-181.
  401. Joos, E., Vansteenwegen, D., & Hermans, D. (2012). Worry as a Predictor of Fear Acquisition in a Nonclinical Sample. Behavior Modification, 36, 723-750.
  402. Goldberg, M.R., Robertson, D., 1983. Yohimbine: A pharmacological probe for study of the ~z- adrenoceptor. Pharmacol Rev 35, 43-180.
  403. Bell, C., Abrams, J., & Nutt, D. (2001). Tryptophan depletion and its implications for psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 399-405. https://doi.org/0.1192/bjp.178.5.399


* Das Dokument ist im Internet frei zugänglich - Hinweise zu den Nutzungsrechten