An object-oriented version model for context-aware data management

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Zusammenfassung

Context-aware computing has been recognised as a powerful solution to address the requirements of many modern application domains. For example, in mobile computing, context is used to augment the user's experience when interacting with a system by adapting responses to their current situation. In the domain of ubiquitous and pervasive computing, the role of context is often to compensate for the lack of traditional user interfaces. Finally, in web engineering, context is used to adapt content delivery to numerous factors. Building on context information, recent web systems support multi-channel and multi-modal interaction as well as personalisation and internationalisation. While several frameworks and models have been proposed to gather, represent and process context, very few of these solutions consider the management of context-aware data.
In the past, database systems have been used to manage data for applications from various domains. To address ever changing requirements,database systems have undergone a remarkable evolution from monolithic heavyweight databases to lightweight personal information stores. Continuing this evolution, it is our approach to extend database systems with concepts to cope with the challenge of context-aware data management. The proposed solution is based on a two-dimensional version model that allows context-dependent variants to be managed, while, at the same time, keeping track of the revisional history. Within the scope of this version model, query processing is realised based on a matching algorithm that uses the current context state of the system to select the best version of every object that is accessed during query evaluation. Our version model has been specified based on the OM object-oriented data model and has been implemented as part of a database management system that is based on OM. As an application of this extended data base management system, a web content management system has been designed and implemented. The intention of this Extensible Content Management System (XCM) is to provide a powerful implementation platform for web engineering applications. Most model-driven design methodologies in this application domain feature some notion of contextdriven adaptation. However, suitable implementation platforms to support these methodologies are sparse or tied in with a specific design method. To implement web engineering systems, XCM separates the concepts of content, structure, view and presentation. Metadata about these concepts is managed within our extended database and therefore all four aspects of a web system can be made context-aware.
The EdFest mobile tourist information system serves as a proof-ofconcept for XCM, that is used as a content management component in this system. EdFest is an application that provides information about the Edinburgh Festivals to tourists while they are visiting the city. The system offers multi-channel interaction by supporting standard web channels as well as a novel paper-based channel. In terms of context information, EdFest has established new requirements, as not only traditional factors such as location, device and user context are considered, but also the interaction context. Due to specific requirements of the interactive paper delivery channel, not only the content that is delivered to a tourist has to be adapted but also the interaction process that leads to the content delivery.
Even though our version model for context-aware data management has been defined within the framework of the OM data model, the concepts can be generalised to data that is represented in other models. In particular this is the case for relational database management systems, as our version model has its origins in solutions that have been proposed for temporal and engineering databases that were developed based on the relational model. Unfortunately, most of today's information is not managed by database systems but rather stored in plain files and it is
therefore not possible to take advantage of the proposed version model. Concepts from web content management such as the explicit representation of the internal structure of a file or the reuse of different content components in different places could be used to improve today's file systems. Only in this setting, can the full potential of context-aware data management be finally unleashed in handling everyday information such as wordprocessing, spreadsheet or presentation documents.

Zusammenfassung in einer weiteren Sprache

Der Einbezug von Kontextinformation ist eine anerkannte und mächtige Lösung für die Anforderungen vieler moderner Anwendungsbereiche. So wird Kontext beispielsweise in mobilen Applikationen verwendet, um die Interaktion mit dem Benutzer zu verbessern, indem sich die Anwendung an dessen Situation anpasst. Kontext wird auch dazu verwendet, um in allgegenwärtigen Systemen den Umstand zu kompensieren, dass diese oft keine traditionelle Benutzerschnittstelle haben. Aber auch in der Entwicklung von Webangeboten ist Kontext zur Anpassung an verschiedenste Faktoren essenziell. Neuere Websysteme nutzen dabei Kontextinformation, um Inhalte über mehrere Ausgabekanäle zu publizieren, sowie zur Personalisierung und Internationalisierung von Webseiten. Obwohl Systeme und Modelle zur Akquisition, Repräsentation und Bearbeitung
von Kontext entwickelt wurden, blieb die Verwaltung kontext-sensitiver Daten bisher aussen vor.
Datenbanksysteme wurden in der Vergangenheit wiederholt dazu eingesetzt, Daten verschiedenster Anwendungen zu verwalten. Um mit den sich ständig verändernden Anforderungen Schritt zu halten, durch lebten Datenbanken die bemerkenswerte Entwicklung von monolithischen Datenbankservern hin zu flexiblen persönlichen Informationsspeichern. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es daher, diese Entwicklung fortzuführen, indem Datenbanken mit Konzepten erweitert werden, die die Verwaltung kontext-sensitiver Information ermöglichen. Die vorgeschlagene Lösung basiert auf einem zweidimensionalen Versionierungsmodell, das sowohl die Verwaltung von kontext-abhängigen Varianten wie auch das Verfolgen der zeitlichen Evolution erlaubt. Die Auswertung von Anfragen erfolgt dabei durch einen Algorithmus, der anhand des gegenwärtigen Kontexts die bestmögliche Version jedes Objektes auswählt, auf das im Zuge der Anfragebearbeitung zugegriffen wird.
Unser Versionierungsmodell wurde unter der Verwendung des objektorientierten Datenmodells OM spezifiziert und innerhalb eines darauf basierenden Datenbanksystems implementiert. Als Anwendung dieser erweiterten Datenbank wurde ein Web Content Management System implementiert. Die Absicht dieses Extended Content Management System (XCM) ist es, eine mächtige Implementationsplattform für Webapplikationen anzubieten. Die meisten modellbasierten Ansätze zur Entwicklung solcher Systeme verfügen bereits über Methoden, kontextabhängige Anpassungen auszudrücken. Bisher wurden jedoch noch keine genügend allgemeinen oder geeigneten Plattformen geschaffen, um diese Modelle umzusetzen. XCM unterscheidet die vier Grundkonzepte Inhalt, Struktur, Sicht und Gestaltung. Metadaten zu diesen Konzepten werden in unserem erweiterten Datenbanksystem verwaltet und es ist daher möglich, jedes einzelne kontextsensitiv zu machen.
EdFest, ein mobiles Informationssystem für Touristen verwendet unser Content Management System als Komponente zur Informationsverwaltung und dient als Leistungsnachweis von XCM. Die Aufgabe von EdFest ist es, Touristen, die Edinburgh besuchen, mit Informationen über die dortigen Festspiele zu versorgen. Das System bietet neben dem gewöhnlichen, webbasierten Zugang auch papierbasierte Interaktion an. Im Hinblick auf die berücksichtigte Kontextinformation geht EdFest weiter als bisherige Systeme, da neben orts-, benutzer- und gerätespezifischen Faktoren auch der Interaktionskontext einbezogen wird. Als Folge der speziellen Anforderungen des Zuganges durch interaktives Papier reicht es nicht aus, nur die Inhalte anzupassen, sondern es ist auch notwendig, den Prozess zu adaptieren, über den auf Inhalte zugegriffen wird.
Obwohl unser Versionierungsmodell zur Verwaltung von kontext-sensitiven Daten im Rahmen des OM Datenmodells definiert wurde, lässt es sich auf Information ausweiten, die anhand anderer Modelle verwaltet wird. Dies trifft insbesondere auf das relationale Datenmodell zu, da unser Versionierungsmodell seinen Ursprung in temporalen und Ingenieurdatenbanken hat, die für das relationale Modell entwickelt wurden. Da der Anteil von Daten, die von Datenbanksystemen verwaltet werden verglichen mit denen, die in Dateien gespeichert sind, ziemlich bescheiden ist, ist es momentan nicht möglich vom vorgeschlagenen Modell zu profitieren. Wir glauben jedoch, dass Content Management Konzepte, wie die explizite Verwaltung der internen Struktur einer Datei oder die Wiederverwendung von Inhalten an mehreren Orten eine solide Basis darstellen, um heutige Dateisysteme zu verbessern. Nur so liesse sich das volle Potenzial kontext-orientierter Datenverwaltung im Umgang mit alltäglicher Information wie Textverarbeitungs-, Tabellenkalkulations- oder Präsentationsdokumenten verwirklichen.

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ISO 690GROSSNIKLAUS, Michael, 2007. An object-oriented version model for context-aware data management. Zürich : ETH Zürich
BibTex
@book{Grossniklaus2007objec-25912,
  year={2007},
  publisher={Zürich : ETH Zürich},
  title={An object-oriented version model for context-aware data management},
  author={Grossniklaus, Michael},
  note={Zugl.: Diss., Univ., Zürich, 2007}
}
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