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Environmental heterogeneity, not distance, structures montane epigaeic spider assemblages in north-western Patagonia (Argentina)

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Abstract

There is considerable controversy around the patterns and processes that influence spatial variation in taxonomic composition in mountain environments. We analysed elevational variation in the taxonomic composition of epigaeic spider assemblages across five mountains in north-western Patagonia (Argentina) to examine the relative importance of dispersal (distance) limitation and environmental heterogeneity on a regional scale. The distance limitation hypothesis predicts greater taxonomic similarity between sampling sites separated by short geographical distances than between mountain peaks separated by longer distances, a lack of indicator species of macro-habitats, and weak associations between spider species composition and environmental gradients. Alternatively, the environmental heterogeneity hypothesis predicts that taxonomic differentiation will occur over short distances along elevation gradients in association with the turnover in major habitats and change in environmental conditions, and that indicator species will be present. We collected spiders using 486 pitfall traps arranged in fifty-four 100-m2 grid plots of nine traps separated by ~ 100 m of elevation, from the base to the summit of each mountain. Multivariate analyses identified spider assemblages that were associated with macro-habitats rather than with mountains. Local environmental variation (mainly in vegetation cover), precipitation and soil characteristics influenced the spatial variation in species composition. Characteristic indicator species showed high specificity and fidelity to macro-habitats, whereas vulnerable species showed high specificity and low fidelity to mountains or macro-habitats. We conclude that, on a regional scale, species adaptation to environmental gradients plays a more important role than dispersal limitation in structuring the taxonomic composition of spider assemblages. Moreover, the presence of indicator species suggests that spiders have a great potential as ecological indicators for evaluating the response of montane biodiversity to future climatic change.

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Acknowledgements

This project is part of P-UE 2016 22920160100008CO developed at INIBIOMA (CONICET/UNCo). We thank the Agencia Nacional para la Promoción de la Ciencia y Técnica (ANPCyT—FONCYT: PICT2013-0539, PICT2015-0283), CONICET and the British Ecological Society that provided financial support during several years, which allowed developing long-term research on the biodiversity of mountains in north-western Patagonia. C. Grismado and L. Piacentini (MACN-Ar) provided assistance in the identification of spiders. C. Reemts reviewed the manuscript to improve our English. The National Administration of National Parks provided the authorization to work and collect arthropod specimens in the Nahuel Huapi National Park. M. Sahores, F. Galossi, C. Galossi and J. Benclowicz were committed assistants during the long days of summer fieldwork.

Funding

This study was funded by ANPCyT—FONCYT: PICT2013-0539, PICT2015-0283.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio Ecotono, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA - CONICET/Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Quintral 1250, 8400, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina

    Santigo Aisen, Victoria Werenkraut & Adriana Ruggiero

  2. División de Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    María E. González Márquez & Martín J. Ramírez

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  1. Santigo Aisen
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  2. Victoria Werenkraut
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  3. María E. González Márquez
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  4. Martín J. Ramírez
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  5. Adriana Ruggiero
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Correspondence to Adriana Ruggiero.

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Aisen, S., Werenkraut, V., Márquez, M.E.G. et al. Environmental heterogeneity, not distance, structures montane epigaeic spider assemblages in north-western Patagonia (Argentina). J Insect Conserv 21, 951–962 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-017-0034-8

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