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Chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankung und Immundefekte

Klinische Präsentationen und diagnostische Möglichkeiten

Inflammatory bowel disease and primary immunodeficiency disorders

Clinical presentations and diagnostic work-up

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Neben den klassischen chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen (CED), M. Crohn und Colitis ulcerosa, können auch genetisch bedingte primäre Immundefekte (PID) und intestinale Epitheldefekte mit einer CED oder CED-ähnlicher intestinaler Entzündung einhergehen.

Ziel der Arbeit

Dieser Leitthemenbeitrag gibt einen Überblick über monogene Ursachen der CED, die klinische Präsentation von betroffenen Patienten und das diagnostische Vorgehen bei Verdacht auf eine PID-assoziierte CED (PID-CED).

Material und Methoden

Literaturrecherche zu genetischer und funktioneller Diagnostik von PID-CED.

Ergebnisse

Mehr als 60 Gene sind mit einer monogenen CED assoziiert und führen zu einem heterogenen Spektrum klinischer Präsentationen. Bei den PID-CED handelt es sich um sehr seltene Erkrankungen. Die frühe Manifestation der CED im Kleinkindalter ist ein Leitsymptom für die PID-CED. Validierte funktionelle Diagnostik steht für eine Reihe von PID wie septische Granulomatose, Interleukin(IL)-10-Signaldefekte, XIAP-Defizienz, Defekte der regulatorischen T(Treg)-Zellen oder Erkrankungen aus dem Spektrum „common variable immunodeficiency“(CVID)/„severe combined immunodeficiency“ (SCID) zur Verfügung. Ein genetisches Screening der PID-CED-Gene mithilfe der Multi-Gen-Panel‑, Exom- oder Genomsequenzierung erhöht die diagnostische Sensitivität. Je nach zugrunde liegendem Gendefekt ermöglicht eine etablierte PID-CED-Diagnose personalisierte Therapien wie kurative Stammzelltransplantation oder die Anwendung signalwegspezifischer Biologika, ein Screening auf infektiöse und maligne Komplikationen sowie die genetische Beratung von Patienten und ihren Familien. Zusätzlich können bei hämatopoetischen Defekten durch eine solche Diagnose geplante chirurgische Eingriffe wie Kolektomien vermieden werden.

Schlussfolgerung

Die PID-CED-Diagnostik ermöglicht es, bei einem kleinen Anteil der CED-Patienten eine genetische Diagnose zu stellen und eine individualisierte Therapie zu beginnen.

Abstract

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a polygenic disorder with two major subtypes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Genetic defects that cause primary immunodeficiencies (PID) or intestinal epithelial defects are increasingly recognized as monogenic causes of IBD or IBD-like intestinal inflammation.

Objective

This article provides an overview about monogenic IBD, clinical presentations of patients and a diagnostic algorithm for suspected PID-associated IBD (PID-IBD).

Material and methods

Review of the literature regarding functional immunological tests and genetic diagnostics of monogenic IBD.

Results

More than 60 genes are associated with monogenic IBD presenting with a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical presentations. Monogenic IBD is a rare disease. These disorders are enriched in patients with early onset IBD occurring before the age of six years. Validated functional diagnostic tests are available for many PID disorders, e. g. chronic granulomatous disease, defects in interleukin(IL)-10 signalling, XIAP deficiency, defects in regulatory T cells and disorders of the common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) spectrum. Application of parallel sequencing by gene panel sequencing, exome or genome sequencing increases the diagnostic yield. Successful identification of a Mendelian type gene defect in IBD offers personalized therapies (e.g. curative stem cell transplantation or pathway-specific biologicals), allows family counseling and screening for infectious complications or malignancies, and helps to avoid unnecessary surgery including colectomy.

Conclusion

A rational diagnostic algorithm helps to diagnose monogenic IBD and offers individualized therapeutic strategies.

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Förderung

H.H. Uhlig wird vom The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust und der Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation of America (CCFA) sowie ESPGHAN unterstützt. Industriekooperationen bestehen mit Eli Lilly, UCB Pharma und Regeneron.

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Correspondence to H. H. Uhlig.

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Interessenkonflikt

T. Schwerd und H.H. Uhlig geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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T. Niehues, Krefeld

F. Zepp, Mainz

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Schwerd, T., Uhlig, H.H. Chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankung und Immundefekte. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 165, 1092–1101 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-017-0393-y

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