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Plattenepithelkarzinome des Kopf-Hals-Bereichs

Von der Pathologie zur Therapie

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

From pathology to treatment

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der MKG-Chirurg Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Plattenepithelkarzinome der Kopf-Hals-Region (HNSCC) sind nach wie vor eine therapeutische Herausforderung. Auch heute stirbt noch etwa jeder zweite Patient innerhalb von 5 Jahren nach Diagnosestellung. Weiterentwicklungen im Bereich der Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachbehandlung konnten in den letzten beiden Dekaden nur eine geringfügige Verbesserung der Überlebensraten erwirken. Der Überbegriff Plattenepithelkarzinom wird der zugrunde liegenden molekularen Pathologie nicht gerecht. Im Zeitalter der Hochdurchsatzmethoden (z. B. „next generation sequencing“) zeigen vergangene und neue Ergebnisse, dass ursächliche und am Fortschreiten der Erkrankung beteiligte Prozesse komplex und heterogen sind. In der Vergangenheit konnten diese Erkenntnisse nur mit sehr begrenztem Erfolg und auch nur in der Palliation in Behandlungsstrategien umgesetzt werden, was sich beispielhaft an der Rolle des monoklonalen Antikörpers gegen den epidermalen Wachstumsfaktorrezeptor (EGFR) Cetuximab deutlich zeigt. Mit humanen Papillomaviren (HPV) assoziierte Karzinome betreffen v. a. den Oropharynx und sind auch im Vergleich zu „klassischen“ HPV-negativen Karzinomen mit anderen genetischen Alterationen assoziiert. Die Erfolge der Immuntherapie, am Beispiel von Nivolumab im Rahmen der CheckMate-141-Studie demonstriert, halten auch im Bereich der HNSCC Einzug und eröffnen erstmals seit etwa einer Dekade neue Behandlungsmöglichkeiten. In immuntherapeutischen Studien zeigen Ansprechraten von etwa 20 %, dass die Suche nach Ursachen und prädiktiven Markern noch nicht abgeschlossen ist. Zukünftig gilt es, die zahlreichen unterschiedlichen Einflussfaktoren (Genetik, HPV, Tumormikromilieu, T‑Zell-Infiltration etc.) zu ordnen, zu gewichten und für den Patienten in klinische Handlungsanweisungen umzusetzen.

Abstract

Effective treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients still remains a challenge. Currently, five out of ten patients die within 5 years after diagnosis. During the past two decades, improvements in diagnostics, treatment, and aftercare have only modestly improved survival rates The histological term “squamous cell carcinoma” does not comprehensively explain the underlying molecular pathology. In the age of high-throughput methodology (such as next-generation sequencing), past and present results show that causal processes and those involved in disease progression are complex and heterogeneous. In the past, these findings could only be implemented with very limited success in the palliative setting, as clearly demonstrated by the role of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody cetuximab. Human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated carcinomas affect mainly the oropharynx, and are also associated with other genetic alterations compared to those in “classical” HPV-negative carcinomas. The success of immunotherapy, exemplified by nivolumab as part of the Checkmate 141 study, is also being implemented in the field of NHSCC opening new treatment possibilities for the first time in about a decade. In immunotherapeutic studies, response rates of about 20% indicate that the search for causes and predictive markers has not yet been completed. In the future, the different influencing factors (genetics, HPV, tumor microenvironment, T‑cell infiltration, etc.) must be classified, weighed, and translated into practical clinical guidelines for the patient.

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Correspondence to S. Hartmann.

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Interessenkonflikt

N.E. Bhola, K. Maurus und A.C. Kübler geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. S. Hartmann, C.M. Sayehli, R.C. Brands und U.D.A. Müller-Richter sind oder waren Prüfärzte für die Firma Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS). C.M. Sayehli und U.D.A. Müller-Richter erhielten von BMS Reiseunterstützung und Aufwandsentschädigung für die Teilnahme an Sitzungen des Medical Advisory Boards. U.D.A. Müller-Richter ist oder war weiterhin als Verantwortlicher mit der Durchführung klinischer Studien für die Firmen Merck Sharp & Dohme, AstraZeneca, Sysmex und Novartis betraut.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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D. Baumhoer, Basel

U. D. A. Müller-Richter, Würzburg

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Hartmann, S., Sayehli, C.M., Maurus, K. et al. Plattenepithelkarzinome des Kopf-Hals-Bereichs. MKG-Chirurg 11, 30–37 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12285-017-0131-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12285-017-0131-4

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