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Non-targeted metabolomic analysis of orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) wild type and bud mutant fruits by direct analysis in real-time and HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometry

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Abstract

The direct analysis in real-time (DART) ion source and HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometry were applied in non-targeted metabolomic analyses of fruits of an orange bud mutant, ‘Hong Anliu’ along with its parental wild-type, ‘Anliu’. Fruits of the two isogenic cultivars were sampled at three different ripening stages, i.e. 120, 170 and 220 days after flowering. More than 130 metabolites were tentatively identified, including acids, sugars, flavonoids, alkaloids, limonoids, coumarins, amino acids, and plant hormones. Metabolomic analyses revealed that, compared to its wild type, the bud mutant fruit is characterized by higher levels of monosaccharides and disaccharides and lower levels of organic acids such as citric acid, malic acid and quinic acid, which agrees well with the anticipated fruit quality benefits of the mutation. In addition, many secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, showed significant differences between the two genotypes, indicating that the whole fruit metabolome is significantly changed due to the bud mutation. This study provided a comprehensive assessment of metabolites in orange fruits, and revealed metabolomic differences in fruits between two isogenic orange genotypes. The results are helpful for understanding how the bud mutation in ‘Hong Anliu’ impacts the physiological and biochemical processes of orange fruits.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. Chip Cody at JEOL, USA, Inc. for his help and discussion about the PCA calculations. This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2011CB100601), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31330066, 31201612), and Ministry of Education of China (20120146120032) to Z.P, and National Science Foundation (Grant# IOS1146589) to S.X.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People’s Republic of China

    Zhiyong Pan, Xiuxin Deng & Shunyuan Xiao

  2. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Yue Li

  3. Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research & Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA

    Shunyuan Xiao

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  1. Zhiyong Pan
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Correspondence to Shunyuan Xiao.

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Zhiyong Pan and Yue Li have contributed equally to this work.

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Pan, Z., Li, Y., Deng, X. et al. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis of orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) wild type and bud mutant fruits by direct analysis in real-time and HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometry. Metabolomics 10, 508–523 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-013-0597-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-013-0597-7

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