Abstract
Family farming, understood as a household which combines family, farm and commercial activity, still represents the backbone of the world’s agriculture. On family farms, labour division has generally been based on complementarity between persons of different gender and generations, resulting in specific male and female spheres and tasks. In this ‘traditional’ labour division, gender inequality is inherent as women are the unpaid and invisible labour force. Although this ‘traditional’ labour division still prevails through time and space, new arrangements have emerged. This paper asks whether we are witnessing changes in the unequal structure of family farming and analyses the diversity of farming family configurations, using the Swiss context as a case study. The typology of farming-family configurations developed, based on qualitative data, indicates that inequalities are related to status on the farm and position in the configuration rather than to gender identity per se. This insight enables a discussion of equality and fairness in a new light. This paper shows that farming-family configurations are often pragmatic but objectively unequal. However, these arrangements might still be perceived as fair when mutual recognition exists, resulting in satisfaction among the family members. The paper concludes that although family farming presents challenges to gender equality, some types of farming-family configurations offer new pathways towards enhanced gender equality.
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Notes
See for example the dedicated webpage of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization: http://www.fao.org/family-farming-2014/en/, accessed 26 March 2015.
The rise in divorces among farm couples has so far only be anecdotally reported but not yet objectively measured.
Interview published on the Swiss website of the International Year of Family Farming, http://familyfarming.ch/de/internationales-jahr/hintergrund, accessed 24 March 2014.
The global value of on-farm consumption in Switzerland dropped from CHF 250,633,000 in 1990 to CHF 75,624,000 in 2013 (Swiss Statistics 2013b).
The limit to the use of a typology based on dyads, organisation of labour, and decision-making to describe all kind of farm households is in the case of a single person being present on the farm and in the farm household. In total, we interviewed three persons belonging to single-person households. Consequently, they are not included in the present analysis.
Para-agriculture refers to agricultural-related activities which cannot be conceived as agricultural production in the common sense. Examples are direct selling, agri-tourism, gastronomy on the farm, or catering services. Para-agriculture is often a female activity.
Like every individual’s name used in this paper, this is a pseudonym.
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Acknowledgments
We want to thank Yvan Droz, Valérie Miéville-Ott, Fenneke Reysoo and Ruth Rossier for the inspiring discussions and collective reflections within the ‘Agrigenre’ research project. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Swiss National Science Foundation and the National Research Program 60 “Gender Equality.” Many thanks also to the anonymous reviewers and the editor of this journal for their immensely helpful comments and suggestions.
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Contzen, S., Forney, J. Family farming and gendered division of labour on the move: a typology of farming-family configurations. Agric Hum Values 34, 27–40 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-016-9687-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-016-9687-2