Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Joint physical and link layer error control analysis for nanonetworks in the Terahertz band

  • Published:
Wireless Networks Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nanonetworks consist of nano-sized communicating devices which are able to perform simple tasks at the nanoscale. The limited capabilities of individual nanomachines and the Terahertz (THz) band channel behavior lead to error-prone wireless links. In this paper, a cross-layer analysis of error-control strategies for nanonetworks in the THz band is presented. A mathematical framework is developed and used to analyze the tradeoffs between Bit Error Rate, Packet Error Rate, energy consumption and latency, for five different error-control strategies, namely, Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ), Forward Error Correction (FEC), two types of Error Prevention Codes (EPC) and a hybrid EPC. The cross-layer effects between the physical and the link layers as well as the impact of the nanomachine capabilities in both layers are taken into account. At the physical layer, nanomachines are considered to communicate by following a time-spread on-off keying modulation based on the transmission of femtosecond-long pulses. At the link layer, nanomachines are considered to access the channel in an uncoordinated fashion, by leveraging the possibility to interleave pulse-based transmissions from different nodes. Throughout the analysis, accurate path loss, noise and multi-user interference models, validated by means of electromagnetic simulation, are utilized. In addition, the energy consumption and latency introduced by a hardware implementation of each error control technique, as well as, the additional constraints imposed by the use of energy-harvesting mechanisms to power the nanomachines, are taken into account. The results show that, despite their simplicity, EPCs outperform traditional ARQ and FEC schemes, in terms of error correcting capabilities, which results in further energy savings and reduced latency.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abadal, S., Alarcon, E., Cabellos-Aparicio, A., Lemme, M., & Nemirovsky, M. (2013). Graphene-enabled wireless communication for massive multicore architectures. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(11), 137–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Akyildiz, I. F., & Jornet, J. M. (2010). Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks. Nano Communication Networks (Elsevier) Journal, 1(1), 3–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bai, P., Zhu, G., Liu, Y., Chen, J., Jing, Q., Yang, W., et al. (2013). Cylindrical rotating triboelectric nanogenerator. ACS Nano, 7(7), 6361–6366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Cabellos-Aparicio, A., Llatser, I., Alarcon, E., Hsu, A., & Palacios, T. (2015). Use of thz photoconductive sources to characterize tunable graphene rf plasmonic antennas. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 14(2), 390–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Chi, K., Zhu, Y. H., Jiang, X., & Leung, V. (2014). Energy-efficient prefix-free codes for wireless nano-sensor networks using ook modulation. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 13(5), 2670–2682.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Chi, K., Zhu, Y. H., Jiang, X., & Tian, X. (2013). Optimal coding for transmission energy minimization in wireless nanosensor networks. Nano Communication Networks (Elsevier) Journal, 4(3), 120–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. COMSOL Multiphysics Simulation Software: COMSOL. http://www.comsol.com/products/multiphysics/.

  8. Domingo, M. C., & Vuran, M. C. (2012). Cross-layer analysis of error control in underwater wireless sensor networks. Computer Communications (Elsevier) Journal, 35(17), 2162–2172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Jornet, J. M. (2014). Low-weight error-prevention codes for electromagnetic nanonetworks in the terahertz band. Nano Communication Networks (Elsevier) Journal, 5(1–2), 35–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Jornet, J. M., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2011). Channel modeling and capacity analysis of electromagnetic wireless nanonetworks in the terahertz band. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 10(10), 3211–3221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Jornet, J. M., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2012). Joint energy harvesting and communication analysis for perpetual wireless nanosensor networks in the terahertz band. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 11(3), 570–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Jornet, J. M., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2013). Graphene-based plasmonic nano-antenna for terahertz band communication in nanonetworks. IEEE JSAC, Special Issue on Emerging Technologies for Communications, 12(12), 685–694.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Jornet, J. M., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2014). Femtosecond-long pulse-based modulation for terahertz band communication in nanonetworks. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 62(5), 1742–1754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Jornet, J. M., Pujol, J. C., & Pareta, J. S. (2012). Phlame: A physical layer aware mac protocol for electromagnetic nanonetworks in the terahertz band. Nano Communication Networks (Elsevier) Journal, 3(1), 74–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kocaoglu, M., & Akan, O. B. (2013). Minimum energy channel codes for nanoscale wireless communications. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 12(4), 1492–1500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lin, S., & Costello, D. J. (2004). Error control coding: Fundamentals and applications (Vol. 114). Englewood Cliffs: Pearson-Prentice Hall.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Priebe, S., & Kurner, T. (2013). Stochastic modeling of thz indoor radio channels. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 12(9), 4445–4455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Tabor, J. (1990). Noise reduction using low weight and constant weight coding techniques. Tech. rep., MIT, Cambridge, MA.

  19. Vuran, M. C., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2009). Error control in wireless sensor networks: A cross layer analysis. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 17(4), 1186–1199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang, P., Jornet, J. M., Abbas Malik, M., Akkari, N., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2013). Energy and spectrum-aware mac protocol for perpetual wireless nanosensor networks in the terahertz band. Ad Hoc Networks (Elsevier) Journal, 11(8), 2541–2555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang, Z. L. (2008). Towards self-powered nanosystems: From nanogenerators to nanopiezotronics. Advanced Functional Materials, 18(22), 3553–3567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    N. Akkari, E. Fadel, L. Elrefaei, M. G. A. Malik, S. Almasri & I. F. Akyildiz

  2. Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    M. G. A. Malik & S. Almasri

  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA

    J. M. Jornet

  4. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, 67260-0083, USA

    P. Wang

  5. Broadband Wireless Networking Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA

    I. F. Akyildiz

Authors
  1. N. Akkari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. M. Jornet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. E. Fadel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. L. Elrefaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. M. G. A. Malik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. S. Almasri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. I. F. Akyildiz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. M. Jornet.

Additional information

This project was funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH)-King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology- the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia- award number 12-NAN230-03. The authors also acknowledge with thanks the Science and Technology Unit, King Abdulaziz University for technical support.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Akkari, N., Jornet, J.M., Wang, P. et al. Joint physical and link layer error control analysis for nanonetworks in the Terahertz band. Wireless Netw 22, 1221–1233 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-015-1024-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-015-1024-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation