Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of essential oil from Croton sonderianus (EOCS) in diets for Amazonian fish tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) (12.86 ± 0.34 g) before and after Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Five diets (348.20 g kg−1 of crude protein) were prepared with graded levels of EOCS (35.12% of β–phellandrene) (0.0 (control), 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.50 mL kg diet−1) and evaluated for 60 days, followed by 14 additional days of the bacterial challenge (0.2 mL of A. hydrophila solution at 1 × 108 colony forming units mL−1). Fish were fed until apparent satiation four times daily and maintained in 500-L tanks (n = 15 fish per tank; 5 tanks per treatment). Fish had no mortality. According to regression analysis, there was a proportional increase in the final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, thermal growth coefficient, final length, hemoglobin, hematimetric indices, and liver glycogen levels before bacterial infection. In this same treatment (1.50 mL EOCS kg diet−1), a decrease in the plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, and albumin values was verified compared to other treatments. After bacterial infection, there was a positive linear effect for plasma triglycerides and albumin and liver total protein and glycogen levels and a negative linear effect for plasma glucose and aspartate aminotransferase levels with a dietary increase in EOCS. In conclusion, 1.50 mL EOCS kg diet−1 is recommended for tambaqui juveniles because it improves growth performance, hematology, and biochemical parameters without compromising bacterial infection resistance.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil) for the research fellowships provided to Copatti, C.E. (PQ 304329/2021-5), Almeida, J.R.G.S. (PQ 313235/2021-0), and da Costa, M.M. (PQ 309158/2019-2), and CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brazil) – Finance Code 001.
Funding
This study was supported by CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) — Finance Code 001 — and the Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco, Brazil (FACEPE, BCT-0044–5.06/21) for a research grant provided for Pereira, G.A.
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Gilmar Amaro Pereira: conducted the experiments, hematobiochemical analysis, and discussion. Carlos Eduardo Copatti: statistical analysis, supervised the findings, discussion, and final text. Rafael Silva Marchão, Aline da Silva Rocha, Juliano dos Santos Macedo, Thaisa Sales Costa, and Aline Silva de Santana: collaboration on carrying out the experiments, data analysis, and statistical analysis. Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa, David Ramos da Rocha, and Jackson Roberto Guedes da Silva Almeida: collaboration on data sampling, bacterial infection, analysis conduction, and results. Antônio Cleber da Silva Camargo and José Fernando Bibiano Melo: conception, design, and supervised the findings. All the authors have read and approved the manuscript.
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The study was conducted under the rules of conduct for using animals in teaching and research and current legislation. This study was carried out according to the principles adopted by the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA), and the experiments were aligned with the procedures approved by the Ethical Committee on the Use of Animals of the Federal University of San Francisco Valley (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Brazil (protocol number 0002//300322).
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Pereira, G.A., Copatti, C.E., Marchão, R.S. et al. Effects of Croton sonderianus essential oil in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) feeds on growth, hematology, blood chemistry, and resistance of the fish to infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquacult Int (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01421-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01421-7