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Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. While these changes can occur naturally, since 1800s human activities have been identified as the main drivers of such changes through the burning of fossil fuels.
She gives some first-hand examples from her native Sweden: flygskam, or ‘flight shame,’ a concept which has made many people to reconsider abandoning long-haul flights to reduce their carbon footprint, as well as folkbildning (free, general, public education on a subject) which she identifies as the driver of her environmental activism.
The Doughnut model is an attempt to provide an alternative (more balanced) economic model for development and growth compared to the current policy paradigm that seeks endless growth. The model factors in both social foundations for humanity (identified as sustainable development goals) and accounts for our natural (i.e., planetary) limits or boundaries (identified by earth systems scientists as mandatory for achieving stability).
Sustainable Development Goals are a are a set of seventeen interlinked objectives developed by United Nations (UN) to serve as a ‘blueprint for future peace and prosperity for people and the planet.’
In Part 3, Eugen Linden acknowledges the massive difficulties in putting a price tag on such a complex issue with multiple and often unseen and unpredictable ramifications; nevertheless, he provides some estimates of these economic costs (i.e., $69 trillion for 2°C of warming) and misplaced funding (e.g., in 2020 governments worldwide spent $5.9 trillion subsidizing fossil fuels).
A recent example of this is the COP28 conference held in November 2023 under the presidency of United Arab Emirates (Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber), which attempted to also use this platform for negotiating new oil and gas deals (Rowlatt, 2023).
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Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Christopher Michaelson and two anonymous reviewers for their excellent suggestions on prior drafts of this work. Jamie, David, and Emma: this one is for you! And I hope we can leave your generation with more than a distant memory of what the world used to be like when daddy grew up.
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Krammer, S.M.S. No Planet B Available! A Review of The Climate Book: The Facts and Solutions by Greta Thunberg. J Bus Ethics (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05594-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05594-8