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Turning residues of coconut flour in bioadditive: an alternative to accelerate PCL biodegradation

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Abstract

The residue of coconut flour (RCF) was used as a bioadditive to evaluate its technological potential as an accelerator of polycaprolactone (PCL) biodegradation. PCL/RCF biocomposites (5-30% by weight) were processed using an internal mixer, and further on, specimens were molded by compression and injection. Experiments such as contact angle, torque rheometry, impact strength, tensile strength, Shore D hardness, thermogravimetry (TG), optical microscopy (OM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were applied to evaluate the biocomposites’ performance. Increasing RCF content into PCL reduced the contact angle, suggesting biocomposites with greater wettability. As a consequence, favoring microorganisms’ proliferation in the biocomposites, providing a higher biodegradation rate as observed by OM. Neat PCL showed weight loss of 8.1% after 60 days of biodegradation while adding 5% RCF increased this parameter to 13.2%. Severe biodegradation was verified in PCL/RCF (30%) since 41% of weight loss was verified. Torque rheometry indicated that up to 10% RCF in the PCL matrix did not compromise processability and maintained good mechanical properties. From OM and visual analysis, microorganisms’ proliferation on the specimens’ surfaces was observed, providing severe deterioration and erosion, corroborated by the high weight loss. FTIR spectra displayed reduced band intensity of ester and methylene groups of PCL and PCL/RCF, along with the biodegradation and appearance of hydroxyl bands. The crystallinity evaluated from XRD increased for a longer biodegradation time, suggesting consumption of the amorphous PCL. In general, coconut flour is a valuable raw material to accelerate PCL biodegradation, indicating potential as an ecological bioadditive and pro-degradant.

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Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful to CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brasilia/DF, Brazil) (Process: 350025/2023-1). Prof Edcleide Araújo (Number: 312014/2020-1) and Prof Renate Wellen (Number: 303426/2021-7) are CNPq fellows. Authors are deeply grateful to UFCG for the infrastructure.

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  1. Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Bodocongó, Campina Grande - Paraíba, 58429-900, Brazil

    Jessika Andrade dos Santos Nogueira, Carlos Bruno Barreto Luna, Adriano Lima da Silva, Ana Cristina Figueiredo de Melo Costa & Edcleide Maria Araújo

  2. Academic Unit of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Brazil

    João Baptista da Costa Agra de Melo

  3. Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil

    Renate Maria Ramos Wellen

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  1. Jessika Andrade dos Santos Nogueira
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dos Santos Nogueira, J.A., Luna, C.B.B., da Silva, A.L. et al. Turning residues of coconut flour in bioadditive: an alternative to accelerate PCL biodegradation. J Polym Res 30, 334 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-023-03711-9

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