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Three reasons why parental burnout is more prevalent in individualistic countries: a mediation study in 36 countries

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Abstract

Purpose

The prevalence of parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children, varies dramatically across countries and is highest in Western countries characterized by high individualism.

Method

In this study, we examined the mediators of the relationship between individualism measured at the country level and parental burnout measured at the individual level in 36 countries (16,059 parents).

Results

The results revealed three mediating mechanisms, that is, self-discrepancies between socially prescribed and actual parental selves, high agency and self-directed socialization goals, and low parental task sharing, by which individualism leads to an increased risk of burnout among parents.

Conclusion

The results confirm that the three mediators under consideration are all involved, and that mediation was higher for self-discrepancies between socially prescribed and actual parental selves, then parental task sharing, and lastly self-directed socialization goals. The results provide some important indications of how to prevent parental burnout at the societal level in Western countries.

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Availability of data and material

The full protocol, database, and syntaxes are available on OSF https://osf.io/94w7u/?view_only=a6cf12803887476cb5e7f17cfb8b5ca2.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the International Investigation of Parental Burnout (IIPB) Consortium (https://www.burnoutparental.com/international-consortium) for collecting and providing the data on which this study is based.

Funding

IR and MM were supported by a Coordinated Research Grant from the Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles in Belgium (ARC Grant n°19/24-100). This fund did not exert any influence or censorship of any kind on the present work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, UCLouvain, Place Cardinal Mercier 10, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

    Isabelle Roskam & Moïra Mikolajczak

  2. University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, s/n, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal

    Joyce Aguiar, Filipa César, Anne-Marie Fontaine & Marisa Matias

  3. Ankara University, Ankara Universitesi Egitim Bilimleri Fakultesi Okul Oncesi Egitimi AD Cebeci, 06590, Ankara, Turkey

    Ege Akgun

  4. University of New South Wales, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia

    Andrew F. Arena

  5. Ozyegin University, Nisantepe Mah., Orman Sok., 34794, Cekmekoy, Istanbul, Turkey

    Gizem Arikan

  6. University of Jyväskylä, P.O. BoX 35, 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland

    Kaisa Aunola & Matilda Sorkkila

  7. Saint-Joseph University, Campus des Sciences Humaines, Rue de Damas, Mar Mikhael, B.P. 17-5208, Beyrouth, 1104 2020, Lebanon

    Eliane Besson & Myrna Gannagé

  8. Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Wim Beyers, Bart Soenens, Charlotte Schrooyen & Lesley Verhofstadt

  9. Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Université de Paris, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France

    Emilie Boujut, Géraldine Dorard, Astrid Lebert-Charron & Jaqueline Wendland

  10. Université de Liège, Place des Orateurs, 2, 4000, Liège, Belgium

    Maria Elena Brianda

  11. University of Wroclaw, Dawida 1, 50-527, Wroclaw, Poland

    Anna Brytek-Matera

  12. Bahcesehir University, Guney Yerleskesi, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey

    A. Meltem Budak

  13. Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Bd des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G8Z 4M3, Canada

    Noémie Carbonneau, Lucie Godbout & Mélissa Tremblay

  14. Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, China

    Bin-Bin Chen

  15. University of São Paulo, Avenida Catão Roxo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 3900, Brazil

    Luciana Carla dos Santos Elias

  16. University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, UK

    Sandra Dunsmuir & Konstantinos V. Petrides

  17. EPSM de l’agglomération lilloise, 1 rue de Lommelet, 59871, Saint-André-lez-Lille, France

    Natalia Egorova

  18. University of Geneva, 40 Boulevard du Pont-d’Arve, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland

    Nicolas Favez

  19. University of Klagenfurt, Universitaetsstr. 65-67, 9020, Klagenfurt, Austria

    Heather Foran

  20. Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstr. 57, 10117, Berlin, Germany

    Julia Fricke

  21. Kansai University, 2-1-1, Ryozenjicho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan

    Kaichiro Furutani

  22. University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, 3000-115, Coimbra, Portugal

    Maria Gaspar

  23. Harvard University, Soldiers Field, Boston, MA, 02163, USA

    Amit Goldenberg

  24. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2130, USA

    Amit Goldenberg & James J. Gross

  25. DGASPC Timis, Apateu 21, Timisoara, Romania

    Maria Ancuta Gurza

  26. Sultan Qaboos university, Muscat, Oman, Egypt

    Mai Helmy

  27. Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt

    Mai Helmy

  28. Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, 280 An Dương Vương, District 5, Hồ Chí Minh City, Vietnam

    Mai Trang Huynh

  29. Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan

    Taishi Kawamoto & Thi Minh Thuy Tri

  30. University of Belgrade, Cika Ljubina 18-20, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia

    Ljiljana B. Lazarevic

  31. Université de Nîmes, 5 Rue du Docteur Georges Salan CS 13019, 30021, Nîmes, France

    Sarah Le Vigouroux

  32. State University of Rio de Janeiro, Place São Francisco Xavier, 524, B-10005c F, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Vanessa Leme

  33. The University of Sydney, Brennan MacCallum 449, Manning Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2007, Australia

    Carolyn MacCann

  34. Universidad Científica del Sur, Carr. Panamericana Sur 19, Villa El Salvador, 15067, Peru

    Denisse Manrique-Millones

  35. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Avenida 12 de Octubre 1076 y Vicente Ramón Roca, 170525, Quito, Ecuador

    María Isabel Miranda-Orrego

  36. University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padua, Italy

    Marina Miscioscia & Alessandra Simonelli

  37. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Avda Valencia 13, 50005, Zaragoza, Spain

    Clara Morgades-Bamba

  38. Alzahra University, North Sheikh Bahaee St., Deh-e Vanak, Tehran, Iran

    Seyyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi

  39. West University in Timisoara, Oradea, str. Razboieni, nr.1, Timișoara, Romania

    Ana Muntean

  40. Institut für Therapieforschung, Leopoldstraße 125, 80804, Munich, Germany

    Sally Olderbak

  41. Dalarna University, Sweden, Hogskolegatan 2, 791 88, Falun, Sweden

    Fatumo Osman

  42. Universidad Santo Tomás, Avenida Carlos Schorr 255, Talca, Chile

    Daniela Oyarce-Cadiz

  43. Austral University of Chile, Institute of Psychology, Los Pinos Avenue, W/N, Puerto Montt, Chile

    Pablo A. Pérez-Díaz

  44. Konrad Lorenz University, Cra. 9 Bis #62-43, 110231, Bogotá, Colombia

    Claudia Pineda-Marin

  45. Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA

    Alena Prikhidko

  46. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Las Heras 429 7B (400), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina

    Ricardo T. Ricci

  47. Tufts University, 105 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA

    Fernando Salinas-Quiroz

  48. University of the Basque Country, Tolosa Hiribidea 70, Donostia-San Sebastian, 20018, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Spain

    Ainize Sarrionandia

  49. Aix Marseille Univ, 29 avenue Robert Schuman, 13621, Aix-en-Provence cedex 01, France

    Céline Scola

  50. Universidad de la República, Tristán Narvaja nro. 1674, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Paola Silva Cabrera

  51. University West, 461 32, Trollhättan, Sweden

    Emma Sorbring

  52. University of Bucharest, Panduri Street 90, Bucharest, Romania

    Elena Stănculescu

  53. Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russia

    Elena Starchenkova

  54. SWPS University, ul. Polna 16/20, 81-745, Sopot, Poland

    Dorota Szczygiel

  55. Universidad de Costa Rica, Sede Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro, Costa Rica

    Javier Tapia

  56. Tilburg University, Professor Cobbenhagenlaan 125, 5000 LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands

    Hedwig van Bakel

  57. Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Road, Suthep, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Saengduean Yotanyamaneewong

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  1. Isabelle Roskam
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  2. Joyce Aguiar
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  5. Gizem Arikan
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  7. Eliane Besson
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  9. Emilie Boujut
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  10. Maria Elena Brianda
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  13. Noémie Carbonneau
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  14. Filipa César
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  15. Bin-Bin Chen
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  16. Géraldine Dorard
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  18. Sandra Dunsmuir
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  19. Natalia Egorova
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  20. Nicolas Favez
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  21. Anne-Marie Fontaine
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  22. Heather Foran
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  28. Amit Goldenberg
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Contributions

Original idea for the study: IR. Study design: IR, MM, and MVP. Data collection: All authors. Data management and data analysis: IR. Writing of the first draft of the paper: IR and MM. The final draft has been read and approved by all co-authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Isabelle Roskam.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing financial interests or funding source that could have influenced the data collection, analysis or conclusions. MM and IR have now founded a training institute that delivers training on parental burnout to professionals. The institute did not participate in the funding of this study nor did it influence the process, the results or their interpretation in any manner.

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Roskam, I., Aguiar, J., Akgun, E. et al. Three reasons why parental burnout is more prevalent in individualistic countries: a mediation study in 36 countries. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 59, 681–694 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-023-02487-z

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