Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Personal learning environment: instrument system for learning beyond the boundaries of the university

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Learning Environments Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The growing ubiquity of web 2.0 has created a new paradigm shift from traditional education methods and strategies to student-centered Personal Learning Environment (PLE) methods and networks. The PLE is an emerging learning concept that relies on the student's personal needs and preferences to create an individualized and flexible learning environment space. In this study, we focused on understanding the digital practices of learners beyond the frontiers of their university to discover their intentions behind the use of their PLEs and the activities and tools that they use to achieve their learning objectives. Analysis of the data from an online survey and interviews highlights different profiles in terms of the design and use of PLEs. Thus, we find that the use of the PLE is an emerging practice that aims to help learners to facilitate their academic studies. The design of a PLE is a challenging task based on the user's technological and social skills.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. VLE: virtual learning environment (also known as a Learning Management System or LMS).

  2. Technical objects: generic term to designate indifferently a tool, an instrument, a machine, software or more generally any technological artefact. Definition copied from:Latzko-Toth, G. (2017). Objet technique (artefact, instrument, machine, dispositif). Sciences, Technologies et Sociétés de A à Z, 165–68.

  3. Web site of Master degree: https://inspe.univ-toulouse.fr/accueil/formation/parcours-meef-adir-approfondissements-didactiques-ingenieries-recherches

  4. Skype is a video, audio, and text communication app available across multiple platforms.

  5. OBS studio (Open Broadcaster Software) is free and open source software for video recording and live streaming.

References

  • Adam, I. O., Effah, J., & Boateng, R. (2016). Virtualisation of administrative work environment in developing country higher education institutions: An activity theory perspective. Instanbul: European Conference on Information Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adell, J. (2018). Más allá del instrumentalismo en tecnología educativa. In J. Gimeno (Ed.), Cambiar los contenidos, cambiar la educación. Madrid: Morata.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adell, J., & Castañeda, L. (2010). Los entornos personales de aprendizaje (PLEs): Una nueva manera de entender el aprendizaje. In R. Roigvilla & M. Fiorucci (Eds.), Claves para la investigación einnovación y calidad educativas. La integración de las Tecnologías de la Información y la comunicación y la Interculturalidad en las aulas. Alcoy: Marfil—Roma TRE universita degli studi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agusintadewi, N. K., Mahastuti, N. M. M., Darma, K. A. S., & Aritama, A. A. N. (2021). The use of social media in the creation of personal learning environment during the studyfromhome period. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 15(1), 78–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arquero, J. L., del Barrio-García, S., & Romero-Frías, E. (2017). What drives students’ loyalty-formation in social media learning within a personal learning environment approach? The moderating role of need for cognition. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 55(4), 495–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asfar, N., & Zainuddin, Z. (2015). Secondary students’ perceptions of information, communication, and technology (ICT) use in promoting self-directed learning in Malaysia. The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-Learning, 3(4), 67–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attwell, G. (2021, October). Personal learning environments: Looking back and looking forward. In Ninth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM'21) (pp. 522–526).

  • Barron, B. (2006). Interest and self-sustained learning as catalysts of development: A learning ecology perspective. Human Development, 49(4), 193–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beguin, P., & Rabardel, P. (2000). Designing for instrument mediated activity. In O. Bertelsen, & S. Bodker (Eds.), Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems (Special issue: Information Technology in Human Activity), vol 12 (pp. 173–190).

  • Ben Rebah, H., & Dabove, G. (2017). Usage pédagogique de Facebook dans une activité d’apprentissage en groupe par des étudiants tunisiens: analyse de l’efficacité du travail collaboratif. Revue internationale des technologies en pédagogie universitaire/International Journal of Technologies in Higher Education, 14(1), 6–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, D., Mildenhall, P., Sim, K.N., Lounsbury, L., & Northcote, M. (2016). Engaging students in the use of technologies for assessment within Personal Learning Environments (PLEs): The development of a framework. In S. Barker, S. Dawson, A. Pardo & C. Colvin (Eds.), Show me the learning (Proceedings the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE) Conference). Adelaide, Australia: University of South Australia.

  • Bourmaud, G. (2006). Les systèmes d'instruments: méthodes d'analyse et perspectives de conception (Doctoral dissertation, Université Paris VIII Vincennes-Saint Denis).

  • Bourmaud, G. (2007). L’organisation systémique des instruments : méthodes d’analyse, propriétés et perspectives de conception ouvertes. Colloque de l’Association pour la Recherche Cognitive—ARCo’07: Cognition—Complexité Collectif, (pp. 61–76).

  • Bowers, N., Merritt, E., & Rimm-Kaufman, S. (2020). Exploring teacher adaptive expertise in the context of elementary school science reforms. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 31(1), 34–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brockett, R. G., & Hiemstra, R. (1991). Self-direction in adult learning: Perspectives on theory, research, and practice. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. A. (2012). Seeing Web 2.0 in context: A study of academic perceptions. The Internet and Higher Education, 15(1), 50–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchem, I., Attwell, G., & Torres, R. (2011). Understanding personal learning environments: Literature review and synthesis through the activity theory lens. In Paper presented at the PLE Conference, Southampton, UK.

  • Carré, P. (2001). De la motivation à la formation. Editions L'Harmattan.

  • Carvalho, M. B., Bellotti, F., Berta, R., De Gloria, A., Sedano, C. I., Hauge, J. B., Hu, J., & Rauterberg, M. (2015). An activity theory-based model for serious games analysis and conceptual design. Computers and Education, 87, 166–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charlier, B. (2014). Les Environnements Personnels d’Apprentissage: Des instruments pour apprendre au-delà des frontières. Sciences et Technologies De l’information et de la Communication pour l’Éducation et la Formation, 21(1), 211–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaves-Barboza, E., Trujillo-Torres, J., Lpez-Nez, J., & Sola-Martnez, T. (2017). Actions and achievements of self-regulated learning in personal environments: Research on students participating in the graduate program in preschool education at the University of Granada. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research (NAER Journal), 6(2), 135–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conole, G. (2009). Personalisation through technology-enhanced learning. In J. O’Donoghue (Ed.), Technology-supported environments for personalized learning: Methods and case studies (pp. 1–15). Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-884-0.ch001

  • Craft, A. (2005). Creativity in schools. Tensions and dilemmas. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, E. M. (2007). Changing paradigms: Managed learning environments and Web 2.0. Campus-Wide Information Systems, 24(3), 152–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2006). La créativité: psychologie de la découverte et de l'invention. R. Laffont.

  • Cych, L., Williams, L., & Younie, S. (2018). Using Web 2.0 technologies to enhance learning and teaching. In S. Younie & P. Bradshaw (Eds.), Debates in computing and ICT education (pp. 97–113). New York, NY: Routledge.

  • Dabbagh, N., & Castaneda, L. (2020). The PLE as a framework for developing agency in lifelong learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(6), 3041–3055.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dabbagh, N., & Fake, H. (2017). College students’ perceptions of personal learning environments through the lens of digital tools, processes and spaces. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research (NAER Journal), 6(1), 28–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, P. L. (2017). Personal learning environments and the diversity of digital natives. Open Access Library Journal, 4(05), 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denis, B., & Joris, N. (2014). Environnements Personnels d’Apprentissage: exploration des représentations et usages d’étudiants de l’enseignement supérieur. Sciences et technologies de l'information et de la communication pour l'éducation et la formation, 21.

  • Dohn, N. B. (2009). Web 2.0: Inherent tensions and evident challenges for education. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 4(3), 343–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downes, S. (2019). Recent work in connectivism. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning (EURODL), 22(2), 113–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drijvers, P., & Trouche, L. (2008). From artifacts to instruments: A theoretical framework behind the orchestra metaphor. Research on Technology and the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics, 2, 363–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebner, M., & Taraghi, B. (2010). Personal learning environment for higher education—A first prototype. In Paper presented at the EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology (pp. 1158–1166). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).

  • Engeström, Y. (1987). Learning by expanding: An activity-theoretical approach to developmental research. Helsinki: Orienta-Konsultit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estrin, D. (2019). Creating an ecosystem around small data. Small Data Lab @ Cornell Tech. Retrieved from https://small.data.io/

  • Felder, J. (2017). Comprendre les processus de construction et de régulation des EPA par des étudiants universitaires. Sciences et Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication pour l’Éducation et la Formation, 24(3), 63–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fluckiger, C. (2014). L'analyse des Environnements Personnels d'Apprentissage sous l'angle de la discontinuité instrumentale. STICEF Sciences et Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication pour l'Éducation et la Formation, 21.

  • Gallego, M.-J., & Chaves, E. (2014). Tendencias en estudios sobre entornos personales de aprendizaje (personal learning environments -PLE-). EDUTEC. Revista Electrónica De Tecnología Educativa, 49, 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gube, M. (2019). Higher ideation: Supporting creative thinking and adaptive expertise in undergraduate STEM students. Montreal: McGill University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haghshenas, M. (2019). A model for utilizing social softwares in learning management system of E-learning. Quarterly of Iranian Distance Education Journal, 1(4), 25–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Harmelen, M. (2006, July). Personal learning environments. In Sixth international conference on advanced learning technologies (pp. 815–816). IEEE Computer Society.

  • Haworth, R. (2016). Personal learning environments: A solution for self-directed learners. Tech-Trends, 60(4), 359–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henri, F. (2017, May). Ingénierie pédagogique des CLOM, autodirection et instrumentation de l’apprentissage. In Paper presented at ACFAS Colloquium 619, Montreal, Canada.

  • Henri, F. (2014). Les environnements personnels d’apprentissage, étude d’une thématique de recherche en émergence. Les Environnements Personnels d’Apprentissage: Entre description et conceptualisation. Numéro spécial de Sciences et Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication pour l’Éducation et la Formation (STICEF), 21, 121–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heutte, J. (2011). La part du collectif dans la motivation et son impact sur le bien-être comme médiateur de la réussite des étudiants: Complémentarités et contributions entre l'autodétermination, l'auto-efficacité et l'autotélisme (Doctoral dissertation, Université Paris-Nanterre).

  • Humanante-Ramos, P. R., García-Peñalvo, F. J., & Conde-González, M. Á. (2015). Personal learning environments and online classrooms: An experience with university students. IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologías del Aprendizaje, 10(1), 26–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ito, M., Horst, H. A., Bittanti, M., Herr Stephenson, B., Lange, P. G., Pascoe, C. J., & Robinson, L. (2009). Living and learning with new media: Summary of findings from the digital youth project. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S. A., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in sports. Human Kinetics.

  • Järvelä, S., & Hadwin, A. F. (2013). Nouvelles frontières : Réguler l’apprentissage enCSCL. Psychologue Pédagogique, 48(1), 25–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Järvelä, S., Kirschner, P. A., Panadero, E., Malmberg, J., Phielix, C., Jaspers, J., Koivuniemi, M., & Järvenoja, H. (2015). Enhancing socially shared regulation in collaborative learning groups: Designing for CSCL regulation tools. Educational Technology Research and Development, 63(1), 125–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jongsermtrakoon, S., & Na-Songkla, J. (2020). A framework for designing Cognitive Coaching Personal Learning Network (CCPLN). International Journal of Information and Education Technology10(6).

  • Kennedy, J. (2019). Seven traits of personal learning environments for designing quality online learning programs: A systems view of connectedness. In Ensuring Quality and Integrity in Online Learning Programs (pp. 66–92). IGI Global.

  • Knowles, M. S. (1975). Self-directed learning. Association Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kompen, R. T., Edirisingha, P., Canaleta, X., Alsina, M., & Monguet, J. M. (2019). Personal learning environments based on Web 2.0 services in higher education. Telematics and Informatics, 38, 194–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kompen, R. T., Edirisingha, P., & Monguet, J. M. (2009). Using Web 2.0 applications as supporting tools for personal learning environments. In M. D. Lytras, P. Ordóñez de Pablos, E. Damiani, D. Avison, A. Naeve, & D. G. Horner (Eds.), Best practices for the knowledge society. Knowledge, learning, development and technology for all (pp. 33–40). New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Korhonen, A. M., Ruhalahti, S., & Veermans, M. (2019). The online learning process and scaffolding in student teachers’ personal learning environments. Education and Information Technologies, 24(1), 755–779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L’Écuyer, R. (1990). Méthodologie de l’analyse développementale des contenus. Méthode GPS et concept de soi. Presses de l’Université du Québec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefort, B. (1982). L’emploi des outils au cours de tâches d’entretien et la loi de Zipf-Mandelbrot. Le Travail Humain, 45(2), 307–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leinonen, T., Kligyte, G., Toikkanen, T., Pietarila, J., & Dean, P. (2003). Learning with collaborative software–A guide to FLE3. University of Art and Design Helsinki.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leont’ev, A. (1981). Problems of the development of mind (English translation). Progress Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, J., & Newby, T. J. (2020). Preservice teachers’ Web 2.0 experiences and perceptions on Web 2.0 as a personal learning environment. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 32(2), 234–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-019-09227-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, J., & Newby, T. J. (2021). Preservice teachers’ attitudes toward Web 2.0 personal learning environments (PLEs): Considering the impact of self-regulation and digital literacy. Education and Information Technologies, 26(4), 3699–3720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mailles-Viard, S., Vayre, E., & Pelissier, C. (2015). Concevoir un Environnement Personnel d’Apprentissage (EPA), est-ce utile pour les étudiants? Revue canadienne de l’éducation, 38(4), 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martindale, T., & Dowdy, M. (2016). Issues in research, design, and development of personal learning environments. In T. Anderson (Ed.), Emergence and innovation in digital learning (pp. 119–142). Athabasca University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, G., Wohleber, R., & Lin, J. (2019). Stress, skilled performance, and expertise: Overload and beyond. In P. Ward, J. M. Schraagen, J. Gore, & E. M. Roth (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of expertise (pp. 490–524). Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mödritscher, F., Krumay, B., El Helou, S., Gillet, D., Nussbaumer, A., Albert, D., et al. (2011). May I suggest? Comparing three PLE recommender strategies. Digital Education Review, 20(May), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • N'dongo, H., & Capus, L. (2018). Personal Learning Environment: A support for sesigning. Edulearn, 18.

  • Nevado, L. A. (2016). How a personal learning environment can help primary English teachers to increase their knowledge. In Final degree project Facultat d’Educació Traducció i Ciències Humanes Universitat de Vic- Universitat Central de Catalunya.de

  • Oliveira, N. R., & Morgado, L. (2015). Personal Learning Networks as emerging environments in a researchers’ community. In Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Social Media (pp. 528–533).

  • Onah, D. F., Pang, E. L., & Sinclair, J. E. (2020). Cognitive optimism of distinctive initiatives to foster self-directed and self-regulated learning skills: A comparative analysis of conventional and blended learning in undergraduate studies. Education and Information Technologies, 25(5), 4365–4380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C., Stephens, M., Chiang, V., Price, A. M., Work, F., & Snelgrove-Clarke, E. (2017). The significance of personal learning environments (PLEs) in nursing education: Extending current conceptualizations. Nurse Education Today, 48, 99–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perera, M. U., Gardner, L. A., & Peiris, A. (2016). Investigating the interrelationship between undergraduates’ digital literacy and self-regulated learning skills. In Proceedings of the thirty-seventh international conference on information systems, Tausend.

  • Perifanou, M., & A. Economides, A. (2021, October). Digital skills for building and using personal learning environments. In Ninth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM'21) (pp. 527–532).

  • Piaget J. (1968). Epistémologie et psychologie de la fonction. Études d'épistémologie génétique, XXIII.

  • Pirolli, F., & Crétin-Pirolli, R. (2019). Les environnements personnels d’apprentissage au prisme des productions documentaires. Des intentions aux pratiques. Distances et médiations des savoirs. Distance and Mediation of Knowledge, 27.

  • Rabardel, P. (2002). People and technology: a cognitive approach to contemporary instruments,

  • Rabardel, P., & Béguin, P. (2005). Instrument mediated activity: From subject development to anthropocentricdesign. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 6(5), 429–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabardel, P., & Bourmaud, G. (2003). From computer to instrument system: A developmental perspective. Interacting with Computers, 15(5), 665–691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahimi, E., van den Berg, J., & Veen, W. (2015). Facilitating student-driven constructing of learning environments using Web 2.0 personal learning environments. Computers and Education, 81, 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.10.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogat, T. K., & Linnenbrink-Garcia, L. (2011). Socially shared regulation in collaborative groups: An analysis of the interplay between quality of social regulation and group processes. Cognition and Instruction, 29(4), 375–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roland, N., & Talbot, L. (2014). L’environnement personnel d’apprentissage: Un système hybride d’instruments. Sciences et Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication pour l’Education et la Formation, 21(1), 287–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saks, K., & Leijen, A. (2014). Distinguishing self-directed and self-regulated learning and measuring them in the e-learning context. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 112, 190–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sclater, N. (2008). Web 2.0, Personal learning environments, and the future of learning management systems. Research Bulletin, 13(13), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selwyn, N. (2017). Education and technology: Critical questions. In G. Ferreira, L. Da Silva Rosando, & J. SáCarvalho (Eds.), Education and technology: Critical approaches (pp. 105–122). Rio de Janeiro: SESES.

  • Springer, C. (2018). Parcours autour de la notion d’apprentissage collaboratif: didactique des langues et numérique. Revue internationale de pédagogie de l’enseignement supérieur, 34(2).

  • Srisawasdi, N., & Panjaburee, P. (2017, July). A development of supervised-online personal learning environment: Examining factors affecting self-directed learning and conceptual understanding progression. In 2017 6th IIAI international congress on advanced applied informatics (IIAI-AAI) (pp. 607–612). IEEE.

  • Suwawi, D. D. J., Laksitowening, K. A., & Putri, I. (2018, May). Enhancing online classroom towards personalized learning environment. In 2018 6th International conference on information and communication technology (ICoICT) (pp. 476–480). IEEE.

  • Taylor, S. P. (2018). Critical realism vs social constructionism & social constructivism: Application to a social housing research study. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 37(2), 216–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terkowsky, C., Haertel, T., Bielski, E., & May, D. (2014, April). Bringing the inquiring mind back into the labs a conceptual framework to foster the creative attitude in higher engineering education. In IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) (pp. 930–935). IEEE.

  • Trang, N. M. (2020). Designing a rhizomatic nline personal learning environment model to improve university students’ academic listening skills. International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, 9(4), 286–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trestini, M., Coulibaly, B., Rossini, I., Christoffel, E., Pacurar, E., & Lemire, G. (2012). Evaluation du dispositif d'enseignement à distance à l'université de Strasbourg (rapport de recherche), https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/727019/filename/Rapport_Eval_EAD_UdS_2012-09-01.pdf

  • Tu, C. H., Sujo-Montes, L., Yen, C. J., Chan, J. Y., & Blocher, M. (2012). The integration of personal learning environments and open network learning environments. TechTrends, 56(3), 13–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tu, C. H., Yen, C. J., & Sujo-Montes, L. E. (2015). Personal learning environments and self-regulated learning. In R. Papa (Ed.), Media rich instruction (pp. 35–48). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Valtonen, T., Hacklin, S., Dillon, P., Vesisenaho, M., Kukkonen, J., & Hietanen, A. (2012). Perspectives on personal learning environments held by vocational students. Computers and Education, 58(2), 732–739.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal-Gomel, C. (2001). Le développement des compétences pour la gestion des risques professionnels: le domaine de la maintenance des systèmes électriques (Doctoral dissertation, Université Paris VIII Vincennes-Saint Denis).

  • Vygotsky, L.S. (1930). La méthode instrumentale en psychologie. In B. Schneuwly Vygotsky aujourd'hui. Neufchâtel: Delachaux et Niestlé.

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Language and thought. MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1997). The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky: Vol. 4. The history of the development of higher mental functions. New York: Plenum.

  • Winne, P. H. (2015). What is the state of the art in self-, co-and socially shared regulation in CSCL? Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 628–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yen, C. J., Tu, C. H., Sujo-Montes, L. E., Harati, H., & Rodas, C. R. (2019). Using personal learning environment (PLE) management to support digital lifelong learning. International Journal of Online Pedagogy and Course Design (IJOPCD), 9(3), 13–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zanarelli, C. (2003). Caractérisation des stratégies instrumentales de gestion d'environnements dynamiques: analyse de l'activité de régulation du métro (Doctoral dissertation, Université Paris VIII Vincennes-Saint Denis). From http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/zanarelli_catherine.pdf

  • Zheng, L., Li, X., & Huang, R. (2017). The effect of socially shared regulation approach on learning performance in computer-supported collaborative learning. Journal of Educational Technology and Society, 20(4), 35–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwartjes, L., Berankova, T., Bosse, I., Brotankova, Z., Colaiuda, C., Contiu, L., Donert, K., Doppler, G., Elpida, C., Georgiades, E., & Jenal, F., 2015. A literature review of personalized learning and the Cloud, School on he Cloud Project, https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8623287/file/8623292

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hassen Ben Rebah.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ben Rebah, H., Barthes, D. & Carnus, MF. Personal learning environment: instrument system for learning beyond the boundaries of the university. Learning Environ Res 26, 843–871 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-023-09457-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-023-09457-x

Keywords

Navigation