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The Effects of Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury on Episodic Memory: a Meta-Analysis

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Abstract

Memory impairment following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is among its most pronounced effects. The present meta-analysis focused only on studies of episodic memory (n = 73) conducted with adult patients with moderate-to-severe TBI. The results indicate that verbal Memory, and more specifically Verbal Recall, is most sensitive to the effects of moderate-to-severe TBI. Furthermore, verbal more than visual memory and recall more than recognition are sensitive to the effects of TBI. These effects are more pronounced in delayed than in immediate testing. Several moderating factors were found: age at testing - the younger the age, the greater the effect size of verbal recall. A greater effect size of delayed story recall was related to an older age of testing and longer time since the injury. The higher the educational level, the smaller is the effect size of visual recall. The clinical implications are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Israeli Ministry of Defense, Rehabilitation Department.

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  1. Eli Vakil and Yoram Greenstein contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology and Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 5290000, Ramat-Gan, Israel

    Eli Vakil

  2. Hakibbutzim Teachers College and Zefat Academic College, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Yoram Greenstein

  3. School of Education, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel

    Izhak Weiss

  4. Levinsky College of Education, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Sarit Shtein

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Vakil, E., Greenstein, Y., Weiss, I. et al. The Effects of Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury on Episodic Memory: a Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 29, 270–287 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-019-09413-8

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