Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Design and development of a high-performance long-period fiber grating chemical sensor for the accurate determination of fluoride

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Journal of Optics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Long-period grating (LPG)-based chemical sensing offers a highly sensitive and convenient method for the determination of chemical contaminants in drinking water. Considering the importance of fluoride on health, an attempt has been made to develop a suitable LPG-based fiber optic sensor for the accurate measurement of fluoride in water. A novel refractometric sensor is designed, fabricated and its characterization done. The sensor is developed using a high sensitive LPG, fabricated on a hydrogen-loaded photosensitive fiber. Fluoride solutions of various concentrations are prepared using SPADNS method. Simulation studies are carried out using MATLAB for the development of the sensor. A special Teflon cell setup is fabricated for holding the solution and the LPG. Suitable light source and optical spectrum analyzer are selected, and the sensor is designed to give accurate results over a wide range. The developed sensor is calibrated, and water samples collected from various sources and regions are analyzed. The results are compared with those obtained using spectrophotometer, and it shows a one-to-one correspondence. The sensitivity and accuracy of the developed sensor are found considerably higher than similar evanescent wave sensor developed using multimode fiber and U-shaped probe.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Guidelines for drinking water quality, 3rd edn. Volume 1-Recommendations (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2008)

  2. A.K. Susheela (ed.), Fluoride Poisoning: Effects on Health (Fluorosis Research and Rural Development Foundation, Delhi, 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  3. B.P. Varghese, A.B. Pillai, K.N. Madhusoodanan, Fiber optic sensor for the detection of ammonia, phosphate and iron in water. J. Opt. 42(2), 78 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. R. Kashyap, Fiber Bragg Gratings (Academic, New York, 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  5. V. Bhatia, Applications of long period gratings to single and multi- parameter sensing. Opt. Express 4(11), 457–466 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. V. Bhatia, A.M. Vengsarkar, Optical fiber long-period grating sensors. Opt. Lett. 21, 692–694 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. L. Alvis, T. Sun, K.T.V. Grattan, Fiber optic long period grating-based humidity sensor probe using a Michelson interferometric arrangement. Sens. Actuators B 178, 694–699 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. S.Y.B. Paul, T.S. Ruffin, F. Yu (eds.), Fiber Optic Sensors, 2nd edn. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2014)

    Google Scholar 

  9. K.T.V. Grattan, B.T. Meggit, B.D. MacGraith (eds.), Optical Fiber Technology, vol. 4 (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1998)

    Google Scholar 

  10. P. Benjamin Varghese, Satish John, K. N. Madhusoodanan, Fiber optic Sensor for the measurement of concentration of silica in water with dual wavelength probing. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 035111 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. B.D. Gupta, Fiber Optic Sensors Principles and Applications (New India publications, New Delhi, 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  12. J. Heather, D. Patrick, K. Alan, F. Bucholtz, Analysis of the response of long period fiber gratings to external index of refraction. J. Light Wave Technol. 16(9), 1998 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  13. K.C. Chuang, C.C. Ma, Multidimensional dynamic displacement and strain measurement using an intensity demodulation-based fiber Bragg grating sensing system. J. Lightwave Technol. 28(13), 1897–1905 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. J. Mendham, R.C. Denny, J.D. Barnes, M. Thomas, B. Sivashankar (eds.), VOGEL’S Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th edn. (Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  15. D. Andrew Eaton, S. Lcnore Clesceri, W. Eugene Rice, B. Arnold, B. Greenberg (eds.), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 21st edn. (American Public Health Association, New York, 2005)

    Google Scholar 

  16. B. Zou, K.S. Chiang, Phase retrieval from transmission spectrum for long-period fiber gratings. J. Lightwave Technol. 31(13), 2223–2229 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. E. Shaji, J. Bindu, Viju, D.S. Thambi, High fluoride in groundwater of Palghat District, Kerala. Curr. Sci. 92(2), (2007)

  18. P. Gopalakrishnan, R.S. Vasan, P.S. Sarma, K.S. Ravindran Nair, K.R. Thankappan, Prevalence of dental fluorosis and associated risk factors in Allappuzha district, Kerala. Natl. Med. J. India 12, 99–102 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  19. A. Balan Pillai, B. Varghese, K.N. Madhusoodanan, Design and development of novel sensors for the determination of fluoride in water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46(1), 404–409 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Mr. Antony George, Additional General Manager in charge of chemistry and DM plant National Thermal Power Corporation Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Plant (NTPC RGCCPP), Kayamkulam, Kerala, for providing all necessary help and valuable suggestions during the course of this work. The authors are thankful to SFO technologies, Cochin Special Economic Zone, Kakkanad, Kerala and International School of Photonics, Cochin University of Science and Technology for providing all necessary facilities during the course of this work.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Aji Balan Pillai

    Present address: NTPC Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Project, Aleppey, 690506, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Instrumentation, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, 682022, India

    Aji Balan Pillai, Benjamin Varghese & Kottarathil Naduvil Madhusoodanan

Authors
  1. Aji Balan Pillai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Benjamin Varghese
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kottarathil Naduvil Madhusoodanan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aji Balan Pillai.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pillai, A.B., Varghese, B. & Madhusoodanan, K.N. Design and development of a high-performance long-period fiber grating chemical sensor for the accurate determination of fluoride. J Opt 48, 318–323 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-019-00554-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-019-00554-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation