Abstract
The contemporary climate of medical-legal liability, and of increasing expectations of accountability from agencies that pay for psychiatric services and training stipends, has created an atmosphere within which issues of liability and accountability should be constructively addressed. The authors conducted a nationwide survey of psychiatry residency training directors and asked them to estimate the awareness of their supervisors of liability issues pertinent to the supervision of psychiatric residents learning psychotherapy. While the training directors assume that their faculty supervisors, including volunteer faculty, are familiar with issues of accountability, very few make tangible efforts to provide this information. The authors found that patients are not routinely informed of the identity of supervisors, although the patients are usually informed that a therapist is in training. The authors propose practical interventions whereby residency training programs could address the issues of faculty members’ awareness of their accountability, the education and training of supervisors, the documentation of supervisory sessions, and the attitudes and practices of psychotherapy trainees.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Challoner DR, Kilpatrick KE, Dockery JL, et al: Sounding board: effects of the liability climate on the academic health center. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:1603–1605
Slovenko R: Legal Issues in Psychotherapy Supervision: Theory, Research, and Practice, edited by Allen K Hess. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1980, pp. 453–473
Harrar WR, VandeCreek L, Knapp S: Ethical and legal aspects of clinical supervision. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 1990; 21:37–41
Kapp MB: Legal implications of clinical supervision of medical students and residents. Journal of Medical Education 1983; 58:293–299.
Kapp MB: Supervising professional trainees: legal implications for mental health institutions and practitioners. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1984; 35:143–167
Slawson PF: Psychiatric malpractice: recent clinical loss experience in the United States. Med Law 1991; 10:129–138
Oliver R: Legal liability of students and residents in the health care setting. Journal of Medical Education 1986; 61:560–568
Morlock LL, Malitz FE, Frank RG: Psychiatric malpractice claims in Maryland. Int J Law Psychiatry 1991; 14:331–346
Cavenar JO Jr, Rhoads EJ, Sullivan JL: Ethical and legal aspects of supervision. Bull Menninger Clin 1980; 44:15–22
American Psychiatric Assodalion: American Psychiatric Assodation Guidelines on Confidentiality. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1989
Cohen DL, Kessel RWI, McCullough LB, et al: Informed consent and the medical student psychiatrist. Acad Med 1990; 65:127–128
Cohen DL, McCullough LB, Kessel RWI, et al: A national survey concerning the ethical aspects of informed consent and role of medical students. Journal of Medical Education 1988; 63:821–829
Arlow J: The supervisory situation. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1963; 11:576–594
Stein S: Supervision of the beginning psychiatric resident, in Clinical Perspectives on Psychotherapy Supervision, edited by Greben SE, Ruskin R. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1994, pp. 734
Hunter J, Pinsky D: The supervisee’s experience of supervision, in Clinical Perspectives on Psychotherapy Supervision, edited by Greben SE, Ruskin R. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1994, pp. 85–98
Cohen DL, McCullough LB, Kessel RWI, et al: Informed consent policies governing medical students’ interactions with patients. Journal of Medical Educalion 1987; 62:789–798
Greben SE, Markson ER, Sadavoy J: Resident and supervisor: an examination of theirrelationship. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 1973; 18:473–479
Tanenbaum RL, Berman MA: Ethical and legal issues in psychotherapy supervision. Psychotherapy in Private Practice 1990; 8:65–77
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schulte, H.M., Hall, M.J. & Bienenfeld, D. Liability and Accountability in Psychotherapy Supervision. Acad Psychiatry 21, 133–140 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03341572
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03341572