Context: In the past 50 years, the use of prosthetic mesh in surgery has dramatically¦changed the management of primary, as well as incisional hernias. Currently, there¦are a large number of different mesh brands and no consensus on the best material,¦nor the best mesh implantation technique to use. The purpose of this study is to¦illustrate the adverse effects of intraperitoneal onlay mesh used for incisional¦hernia repair encountered in patients treated at CHUV for complications after¦incisional hernia repair.¦Materials & Methods: This work is an observational retrospective study. A PubMed¦search and a systematic review of literature were performed. Thereafter, the medical¦records of 22 patients who presented with pain, abdominal discomfort, ileus, fistula,¦abscess, seroma, mesh infection or recurrent incisional hernia after a laparoscopic or¦open repair with intra-abdominal mesh were reviewed.¦Results: Twenty-two persons were reoperated for complications after incisional¦hernia repair with a prosthetic mesh. Ten were male and twelve female, with a¦median age of 58,6 years (range 24-82). Mesh placement was performed by a¦laparoscopic approach in nine patients and by open approach in thirteen others.¦Eight different mesh brands were found (Ultrapro®, Mersilene®, Parietex Composite®,¦Proceed®, DynaMesh®, Gore® DualMesh®, Permacol®, Titanium Metals UK Ltd®).¦Mean time from implantation and reoperation for complication was 34.2 months¦(range 1-147). In our sample of 22 patients, 21 (96%) presented mesh adhesion and¦15 (68%) presented hernia recurrence. Others complications like mesh shrinkage,¦mesh migration, nerve entrapment, seroma, fistula and abscess were also evaluated.¦Conclusion: The majority of articles deal with complications induced by¦intraperitoneal prosthetic mesh, but the effectiveness of mesh has been studied¦mostly on experimental models. Actually and as shown in the present study,¦intraperitoneal mesh placement was associated with severe complications witch may¦potentially be life threatening. In our opinion, intraperitoneal mesh placement should¦only be reserved in exceptional situations, when the modified Rives-Stoppa could not¦be achieved and when tissues covering the mesh are insufficient.