Online Gambling's Associations With Gambling Disorder and Related Problems in a Representative Sample of Young Swiss Men.

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State: Public
Version: Final published version
License: CC BY 4.0
Serval ID
serval:BIB_64EC522AAA88
Type
Article: article from journal or magazin.
Collection
Publications
Institution
Title
Online Gambling's Associations With Gambling Disorder and Related Problems in a Representative Sample of Young Swiss Men.
Journal
Frontiers in psychiatry
Author(s)
Marmet S., Studer J., Wicki M., Khazaal Y., Gmel G.
ISSN
1664-0640 (Print)
ISSN-L
1664-0640
Publication state
Published
Issued date
2021
Peer-reviewed
Oui
Volume
12
Pages
703118
Language
english
Notes
Publication types: Journal Article
Publication Status: epublish
Abstract
Background and Aims: Internet gambling has recently grown in popularity, but relatively little is known about how online and the combination of online and offline (mixed) gambling are associated with gambling disorder (GD) and related problems. The present research examined in a cohort study sample of young Swiss men how their gambling activities and gambling-related problems differed across the spectrum from offline to online gambling. Sample: A general-population based sample from the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF), consisting of 5,352 young Swiss men (mean age 28.26 years old). Measures: The spectrum from exclusively offline to almost exclusively online (>90% of gambling money spent online) gambling was measured using one question about the proportion of gambling money spent online. Total money gambled and time spent on gambling were also assessed. GD severity (range 0-9) was measured using items reflecting the nine DSM-5 GD criteria. The number of gambling-related problems (e.g., financial difficulties, range 0-10), other addictive disorders and mental health problems were also inquired about. Methods: We estimated a generalised linear model using a count model (negative binomial link function) for GD severity and gambling-related problems associated with the amounts and proportions of money gambled online and offline. Results: The number of GD criteria were associated with money gambled online (IRR [95%CI] = 2.81 [2.43, 3.24]) and offline (IRR = 2.68 [2.40, 3.00]). This was also found for the number of gambling-related problems (IRR = 2.43 [2.13, 2.79] and IRR = 2.89 [2.59, 3.23]). Compared with exclusively-offline gamblers, mixed gamblers (26-90% of money gambled online) showed the highest levels of GD symptoms and gambling-related problems, followed by the almost-exclusively-online gamblers (≥91% money gambled online) and, overall, these associations were still significant after adjustment for overall involvement in gambling (time spent and money gambled). Levels of other addictive disorders and mental health problems were higher among mixed gamblers than among offline-only gamblers, but levels among almost-exclusively-online gamblers were not. Conclusions: Symptoms of gambling disorder and gambling related problems are highest among gamblers engaging in both offline and online gambling. Prevention efforts need to target the combination of offline and online gambling.
Keywords
Switzerland, gambling, gambling disorder, internet gambling, online gambling
Pubmed
Web of science
Open Access
Yes
Create date
20/08/2021 17:13
Last modification date
22/10/2021 7:10
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