Continuous wave ultraviolet frequency upconversion due to triads of Nd3+ ions in fluoroindate glass

Abstract

We have observed ultraviolet upconversion fluorescence from the 4D3/2 and 2P3/2 levels of Nd3 + in fluoroindate glass under infrared pumping. It was found that the excitation of a large population in the 4F3/2 metastable level allows to achieve strong upconversion emissions at 354 and 382 nm. A simple rate equation model reproduces the temporal behavior of the upconverted emission and allows us to estimate the energy transfer rate among three Nd3+ ions participating in the process.