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| Home > Publications database > A Robust Design of a Renewable European Energy System Encompassing a Hydrogen Infrastructure |
| Book/Dissertation / PhD Thesis | FZJ-2021-00964 |
2020
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag
Jülich
ISBN: 978-3-95806-516-1
Please use a persistent id in citations: http://hdl.handle.net/2128/27617 urn:nbn:de:0001-2021051002
Abstract: The role of $\underline{v}$ariable $\underline{r}$enewable $\underline{e}$nergy $\underline{s}$ources (VRES) in future energy systems is evident when the latest trends in the global installed capacities are examined. Nevertheless, the intermittency of these technologies remains an obstacle to the high penetration of VRES technologies. To address this, hydrogen is often proposed as an alternative chemical energy carrier in the energy system design to provide flexibility in the system. Although hydrogen is taken into account in many studies which optimize future energy system design, seasonal storage and international hydrogen transmission have not been investigated in any study at a European scale. Thus, an 100% renewable European energy system with hydrogen infrastructure shall be performed in this thesis. For such an analysis, in-depth assessments of offshore wind energy and the underground hydrogen storage in the salt formations across Europe are necessary due to the lack of consistent data across Europe. Evaluation of offshore wind energy is conducted for different turbine designs derived from cost optimal analysis. When cost-optimal turbine designs are used across Europe, the estimated average $\underline{l}$evelized $\underline{c}$ost $\underline{o}$f $\underline{e}$lectricity (LCOE) is found at 7 €$_{ct}$ kWh$^{-1}$, which is 1.0 to 3.5 €$_{ct}$ kWh$^{-1}$ cheaper than if uniformly applied single turbine design were used; in which case thelowest average cost value attainable is 8 €$_{ct}$ kWh$^{-1}$. Optimal turbine designs result in a capacityand generation potential of 8.6 TW and 39.9 PWh. The investigation on the storage potential of salt caverns across Europe reveals that a total capacity of 84.8 PWh$_{H2}$ is possible when both onshore and offshore locations are deployed. Consideration of onshore locations only results in acapacity of 23.2 PWh$_{H2}$, nearly 32% of which is located within a distance of 50 km from shore. Before designing the final energy system, the major operational assumptions were analyzed; such as the number of typical days, the number of groups for VRES technologies, and how results change with respect to the selected weather year. Additionally, the novel categorizing of each VRES technology by cost percentile provides a higher fidelity to the ultimate design; yet the change is insignificant after 60 groups per technology. Even still, when the system is designed for individual years between 1980 and 2017, significant variations in optimal system configurations are observed. Therefore, a novel iterative approach is proposed to obtain a robust energy system design across all weather years. A value-of-analysis is also performed to investigate the impact of individual technologies, wherein the largest impactor is observed to be wind energy; which, if excluded, could increase total system costs by 56.2%. The second most impactful technologies are found to be trading between countries and the electricity grid. In the end, a European energy system design is proposed consisting of 842 GW onshore, 78 GW offshore wind energy, as well as 654 GW photovoltaics. Additionally, 154 GW of biomass combined heat and power plants and 203 GW of hydropower are also utilized. The proposed system has total storage capacities of 130 TWh, 562 GWh and 587 GWh for salt caverns, vesselsand lithium-ion batteries, respectively. Total curtailment is estimated as 441 TWh a$^{-1}$.
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